Bosnia

Bosnia-Herzegovina massacre Essay Bosnia-Herzegovina massacre Essay Massacre, the orderly and arranged eradication of a whole national, racial, political, or ethnic gathering. From 1992-1995 that was going on in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, struggle between the three fundamental ethnic gatherings, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, brought about annihilation submitted by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia. Bosnia is one of a few little nations that rose up out of the separation of Yugoslavia, a multicultural nation made after World War I by the Western Allies. Yugoslavia was made out of ethnic and strict gatherings that had been authentic adversaries, considerably severe foes, including the Serbs (Orthodox Christians), Croats (Catholics) and ethnic Albanians (Muslims). During World War II, Yugoslavia was attacked by Nazi Germany and was apportioned. A wild obstruction development jumped up drove by Josip Tito. Following Germanys rout, Tito reunified Yugoslavia under the trademark ;Brotherhood and Unity,; consolidating Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, alongside two self-overseeing regions, Kosovo and Vojvodina. Tito, a Communist, was a solid head who kept up attaches with the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, playing one superpower against the other while getting monetary help and other guide from both. After his demise in 1980 and without his solid authority, Yugoslavia immediately dove into political and financial disarray. Another pioneer emerged by the late 1980s, a Serbian named Slobodan Milosevic, a previous Communist who had gone to patriotism and strict disdain to pick up power. He started by kindling long-standing pressures among Serbs and Muslims in the free provence of Kosovo. Conventional Christian Serbs in Kosovo were in the minority and guaranteed they were being abused by the Albanian Muslim larger part. Serbian-sponsored political distress in Kosovo in the long run prompted its loss of autonomy and control by Milosevic. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia both pronounced their freedom from Yugoslavia before long bringing about common war. The national armed force of Yugoslavia, presently comprised of Serbs constrained by Milosevic, raged into Slovenia yet neglected to quell the separatists there and pulled back after just ten days of battling. Milosevic immediately lost enthusiasm for Slovenia, a nation with basically no Serbs. Rather, he directed his concentration toward Croatia, a Catholic nation where Orthodox Serbs made up 12 percent of the populace. During World War II, Croatia had been a master Nazi state drove by Ante Pavelic and his extremist Ustasha Party. Serbs living in Croatia just as Jews had been the objectives of across the board Ustasha slaughters. In the inhumane imprisonment at Jasenovac, they had been butchered by the several thousands.In 1991, the new Croat government, drove by Franjo Tudjman, appeared to be restoring totalitarianism, in any event, utilizing the old Ustasha banner, and furthermore ordered unfair laws focusing on Orthodox Serbs. Supported by Serbian guerrillas in Croatia, Milosevics powers attacked in July 1991 to secure the Serbian minority. In the city of Vukovar, they barraged the outgunned Croats for 86 sequential days and decreased it to rubble. After Vukovar fell, the Serbs started the main mass executions of the contention, slaughtering many Croat men and covering them in mass graves.The reaction of the universal network was restricted. The U.S. under President George Bush decided not to get included militarily, however rather perceived the autonomy of both Slovenia and Croatia. An arms ban was forced for the entirety of the previous Yugoslavia by the United Nations. Notwithstanding, the Serbs under Milosevic were at that point the best furnished power and therefore kept up a major military preferred position. Before the finish of 1991, a U.S.- supported truce understanding was handled between the Serbs and Croats battling in Croatia. In April 1992, the U. .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 , .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 .postImageUrl , .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 , .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8:hover , .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8:visited , .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8:active { border:0!important; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8:active , .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u10981090ec09f04e f6aa924a34d281d8 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u10981090ec09f04ef6aa924a34d281d8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The incredible gatspy EssayS. also, European Community decided to perceive the freedom of Bosnia, a generally Muslim nation where the Serb minority made up 32 percent of the populace. Milosevic reacted to Bosnias statement of autonomy by assaulting Sarajevo, its capital city, most popular for facilitating the 1984 Winter Olympics. Sarajevo before long got known as the city where Serb expert sharpshooters persistently destroyed powerless regular people in the avenues, including in the end more than 3,500 kids. Bosnian Muslims were miserably outgunned. As the Serbs made progress, they started to methodicallly roundup nearby Muslims in scenes frightfully like those that had happened under the Nazis during World War II, including mass shootings, constrained .

Should similar systems of free enterprise, would their most likely Essay

Should comparative frameworks of free undertaking, would their most probable LONGEST TERM results be types of a lasting specialist majority rules system of socialism - Essay Example The free endeavor economy is portrayed by financial power, philanthropic trade, private assets and decision of getting most extreme benefits in the business. Individuals choose manners by which they acquire and utilize their assets they get in the business. Best nations that have solid and stable economy apply free undertaking economy framework, as it is the world’s driving monetary structure. Therefore, should comparable frameworks of free endeavor degenerate; I believe that their longest term results will be types of a perpetual laborer vote based system of socialism. There are two variables to be noted before it turns into an authenticity Firstly, every individual ought to be educated and extraordinarily learned, since socialism framework doesn't require oblivious, childish, and insatiable people. It is built up that socialism works better among people who know about the advantages of a commendable initiative and worried about helping the basic people. Therefore, educated p ioneers who have the right stuff of driving a nation to an effective monetary advancement can be acceptable in administering a socialist nation. Furthermore, I figure people should be happy with whatever they own as opposed to needing to increase themselves; subsequently, theft open riches. Pioneers are relied upon to arrive at an individual fulfillment that is vast so as to make extraordinary initiative. It is hard for incalculable characters, since it expects pioneers to get happy with the positive effects they put in when overseeing a nation rather than what they gain. Pioneers ought to have the option to gauge their degree of joy without considering or contrasting their bliss and the happenings of the general condition. Individuals ought to figure out how to be mollified with whatever they have, to accomplish social development and work harder to guarantee that good rivalry wins through their endeavors they put in work. It is

Book Review on the Book Paradox of Participation

Book Review on the Book “Paradox of Participation” The “Paradox of Participation” in Marketing Democracy Jul 16, 2019 in Book Review Introduction In book Marketing Democracy: Power and Social Movements in Post-Dictatorship ChileJulia Paley thoughtfully criticizes contemporary Chilean democracy. The author interprets Chile as the political and economic model for developing countries. She depicts the Chileans struggle for mobilization and critique of the democracy that has evolved as a result of the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. The book is written in accessible and descriptive prose, which allows Paley to raise a couple of questions concerning the governance in the country and the era allegedly adherent to participation, growth with equity, and democracy. Chiles economic and political history of the last 30 years undergoes regional typologies. Its iconoclasm indicates national processes of governance that utter disturbing questions about the character of current neoliberal reforms, as well as about the Chilian nature of democracy. The reforms, successfully tested under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, have followed democratic transitions in the former Soviet bloc, the collapse of Marxism, civil wars in Central America and a range of other events. Body The relationship between political action and political knowledge the way it is produced, co-opted and constrained, and the way it can be used as a weapon against a democratic regime - is being closely examined by Julia Paley in her work. She illustrates how the objective and abstract measurements of electioneering produce what she calls the marketing of democracy (Paley 125-130), facilitating democracy while its practice is being organized in ways that naturalize connections between the political freedom and free market. She illustrates the way the structural inequity that destabilized an authoritarian regime in Chile became legitimated under a democratic regime. Llareta, a grassroots health group in La Bandera is the center of Paleys ethnography. Llareta was founded during a flurry of internationally supported clandestine activity against the Pinochet dictatorship in the early 1980s. According to Paley, Llareta plays a central role in the history of La Bandera. Llareta persisted a decade after the fall of the Pinochet dictatorship in spite of the massive demobilization of grassroots organizations, which was accomplished by integrating many organization leaders into the formal bureaucratic organization of the democratic state. Llaretas survival sets the group apart and makes it an ideal foil for describing democracys political pacification. Like many grassroots groups, Llareta underwent its own transition during the postdictatorship period when the repressive state, the object of its opposition, disappeared. Unlike many other groups, however, Llareta managed to survive this transition by challenging the democratic states insistence on persona l responsibility for health and well-being into demands for public sector accountability. They do so by using the states techniques of democratic knowledge production (such as health surveys and health campaigns) against the state and by showing how household and personal health problems stem from conditions created by the state in the first place. .chat-now-banner { background: #ec5c63; position: relative; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; } .chat-now-banner::before { display: block; content: ''; position: absolute; left: -170px; right: 50%; top: 0; bottom: 0; background: #04b5af; transform: skewX(45deg); } .chat-now-banner table { position: relative; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; } .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { background: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 36px; color: #ec5c63; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 6px 0 6px 0; padding-left: .75rem; padding-right: .75rem; } .chat-now-banner-problem, .chat-now-banner-solution span { position: relative; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-left: 50px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { padding-right: 50px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { content: url('/images/banners/chat-img1r.png'); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; left: 20px; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); } .chat-now-banner-solution span::after { content: url('/images/banners/chat-img2.png'); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; left: 110% } .chat-now-banner-solution span { white-space: nowrap; } .chat-now-banner td { text-align: center; } @media all and (min-width: 1600px) { .chat-now-banner-solution div { display: inline; } .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { margin-left: 15px; } } @media all and (max-width: 1599px) { .chat-now-banner-problem, .chat-now-banner-solution span { line-height: 1; } .chat-now-banner-problem { line-height: 35px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { line-height: 35px; } .chat-now-banner td { vertical-align: top; padding: 20px 5px 10px; } } @media all and (min-width: 1250px) and (max-width: 1599px) { .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; } } @media all and (max-width: 1249px) and (min-width: 993px) { .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { margin-left: 0; } .chat-now-banner { height: auto; max-width: 480px; margin: 0 auto; background: linear-gradient(to right top, #ec5c63 0%, #ec5c63 50%, #04b5af 50%, #04b5af 100%) } .chat-now-banner::before { display: none; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { left: -1px; top: 87%; transform: translateY(-50%); } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; position: absolute; right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner td { display: block; } .chat-now-banner td:nth-child(2) { display: none; } .chat-now-banner td:last-child { padding-top: 13px; padding-bottom: 17px; } .chat-now-banner td:first-child { text-align: right; } .chat-now-banner-problem { display: inline-block; padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { width: 50%; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { padding: 0; } } @media all and (max-width: 992px) { .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; } } @media all and (max-width: 699px) { .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { margin-left: 0; } .chat-now-banner { height: auto; max-width: 480px; margin: 0 auto; background: linear-gradient(to right top, #ec5c63 0%, #ec5c63 50%, #04b5af 50%, #04b5af 100%) } .chat-now-banner::before { display: none; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { left: -1px; top: 87%; transform: translateY(-50%); } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; position: absolute; right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner td { display: block; } .chat-now-banner td:nth-child(2) { display: none; } .chat-now-banner td:last-child { padding-top: 13px; padding-bottom: 17px; } .chat-now-banner td:first-child { text-align: right; } .chat-now-banner-problem { display: inline-block; padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { width: 50%; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { padding: 0; } } @media all and (max-width: 519px) { .chat-now-banner-solution { width: 100%; } .chat-now-banner-problem { display: block; text-align: center; padding: 0; } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: inline; position: static; } } @media all and (max-width: 459px) { .chat-now-banner::before { transform: skewX(55.1deg); left: 160px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { top: 50%; } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; } } Need reliable and quick help with your paper? Connect us right now? Chat Now Paleys experiment in ethnographic presentation falls short of expectations, however, because neither the activist account nor the scholarly account of her research is complete on its own. Although Paley makes it clear that she dutifully and assiduously referred to the ethnographic knowledge that she had acquired while researching her dissertation, she does not make clear what that knowledge comprised. In the epilogue, she notes that as it turned out my analysis closely paralleled the health promoters own commentary (Paley 214). It is difficult to identify how her account of the history of the poblacion and her critique of democracy differ from those of the health promoters. The danger therein, as one of Paleys interlocutor points out after reading her dissertation, is that what strikes me is that I didnt hear anything new (Paley 188). Although much of what Paley writes is worthwhile and will be new to readers unfamiliar with Chile, some readers might concur that Paleys analytic metho d and its presentation are less than novel. While researching the book Marketing Democracy: Power and Social Movements in Post-Dictatorship Chile by Julia Paley, I found a lot of issues worth being examined more thoroughly. The main issue this paper deals with is the paradox of participation. Julia Paley in her discussion of the paradox of participation examines how power functioned in Chile in the 1990s. It is a universally acknowledged fact that repression was no longer the powers key form of expression at that time. The author puts a very significant question: How might participation simultaneously operate both as motivating force and a mode of control a form of governmentality that is characteristic of democracy amid neoliberal economics in Chile? (Paley 147). What is more, she explores the specialized structuring of participation in the society under democracy. Two cholera campaigns, one sponsored by health groups and one by the state serve us a good example of the contrast between the meaning and power of participation . These campaigns also illustrate the opposition to the depoliticized and personalized construction of the problem. Paley pays exceptional attention to this discussion, as her main aim is to explore whose knowledge counts. In the discussion of the legitimation of the knowledge, Paley addresses the contestation of health groups like Llareta, which were committed to build the knowledge from the ground up. It is worth mentioning that the author appreciates the community activists who consider themselves creative and critical thinkers and actors, who have the right to contribute to the decisions that influence their lives. However, at the same time, Julia Paley outlines the obstacles that abridge their participation in Chiles free-market democracy. Nowadays the paradox of participation has become a very controversial topic for discussion. It is considered that participation, voting in particular, has become irrational. When we talk about a large country, there are few or no chances that ones vote can change the elections outcome. What is more, the costs of voting overpass the benefits. We can also think about this issue in another way, considering the person who votes as such that strives to have an influence on the government. However, this person will be disappointed as the truth is that his/her vote could make no difference. On the other hand, if every voting person did not believe that their choice effected changes, the democratic process would stop functioning, as no one would come to elections. The majority of citizens living under democracy have several reasons to take part in politics. First, and perhaps the most important is the sense of idealism, which means that people participate because of their strong belief in some idea. Secondly, it could be the sense of responsibility, as people treat their participation as the main responsibility of democratic citizenship. One more reason is the self-interest, when a person participates because it can be profitable for him/her. Last but not least, there is the sense of enjoyment. Some people enjoy public activity, either because of friends they make while participating or the activity itself. On the other hand, there are countries where the majority of citizens are not politically participated at all. This nonparticipation serves as a signal of number of attitudes, such as contentment, apathy, alienation or freedom. People may not participate because of their satisfaction with the status quo, or because they do not care about politics at all. Furthermore, the main principle of democracy is the one about freedom, so people have the free will either to participate or not. Finally, the feeling that the government is indifferent to them can also be a reason for nonparticipation. Order now Live Chat There is much research concerning the paradox of participation, and participation in general. The article by Giles Mohan and Kristian Stokke examines the links between development theory and political action and the ways in which new political spaces are being imagined and constructed (Mohan and Stokke 247). The authors pay attention to such issues as decentralization, participatory, social and local development, and radical democracy. While studying the role of local participation it was found out that it can be used by different ideological stakeholders for various purposes. For instance, it can either underplay the role of the transitional power and the state or stick Eurocentric solutions to the development of the Third World societies. The relationship between the state and society can be characterized by strategic engagement or disengagement, but the image of the state and society as discrete spheres cannot be sustained (Mohan and Stokke 264). The new localism tends to make the local essentials that constitute resistance or host homogeneous communtities. This contradicts the modern understanding of place, and goes against human geography. Geographers get used to the fact that places are constituted by social, economic, political and cultural relations and flows of commodities, and people that treach outwards given locality. However, it does not imply the rejection of the local as empowerments basis. It is the point that the political project will encounter difficulties and binary opposites, like state/civil, local/global society in order to be relevant. Although Paleys ethnography of democracy offers provocative insights, it also has limitations. First, her presentation centers on the transition from dictatorship to democracy and states that the legacy of Pinochet has compromised the contemporary practice of democracy in Chile. Her presentation offers a very truncated view of Chilean political history that fails to appreciate a longer history of tensions and contradictions in the countrys understanding of democracy. Likewise, she neglects the longer history of collective agency, resistance, and contestation of the part of Chiles poor and working class sectors that shaped political mobilization in the 1980s. Second, Paley pays considerable attention to the popular education methodologies used by community activists in La Bandera, and she invests time and effort in learning and practicing these methods. However, she neither inquires into the cultural and historical salience of popular education as a strategy for social change, nor con siders significant intellectual and political history of Chile. It is significant that the ideology and practice of popular education is used in popular sectors, and it merits ethnographic attention. Conclusion In sum, Paley has made an important contribution to our understanding of democracy as a subject of ethnographic inquiry and to the possibilities for engaged scholarship; Marketing Democracy is a very accessible text that appeals to a broad audience in cultural anthropology, Latin American studies, and political science as well as to community activists.

Biography of Architect Richard Rogers, Designer of 3 WTC

British architect Richard Rogers (born July 23, 1933) has designed some of the most important buildings of the modern era. Beginning with the Parisian Centre Pompidou, his building designs have been characterized as being inside out, with facades that look more like working mechanical rooms. In 2007 he received architectures highest honor and became a Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming Lord Rogers of Riverside, but in the U.S. Rogers is best known for rebuilding Lower Manhattan after 9/11/01. His 3 World Trade Center was one of the last towers to be realized. Fast Facts: Richard Rogers Occupation: British ArchitectBorn: July 23, 1933 in Florence, ItalyEducation: Yale UniversityKey Accomplishments: Centre Pompidou with Renzo Piano; Three World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan; 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize Early Life Born in Florence, Italy to an English father and Italian mother, Richard Rogers was raised and educated in Britain. His father studied medicine and hoped that Richard would pursue a career in dentistry. Richards mother was interested in modern design and encouraged her sons interest in the visual arts. A cousin, Ernesto Rogers, was one of Italys prominent architects. In his Prizker acceptance speech, Rogers noted that it was Florence where my parents instilled in my brother Peter and me a love of beauty, a sense of order, and the importance of civic responsibility. As war broke out in Europe, the Rogers family moved back to England in 1938 where young Richard attended public schools. He was dyslexic and did not do well. Rogers had a run-in with the law, entered the National Service, became inspired by the work of his relative, Ernesto Rogers, and ultimately decided to enter Londons Architectural Association school. Later he moved to the U.S. to pursue a masters degree in architecture at Yale University on a Fulbright Scholarship. There he developed relationships that would last a lifetime. Partnerships After Yale, Rogers worked for Skidmore, Owings Merrill (SOM) in the U.S. When he finally returned to England, he formed Team 4 architectural practice with Norman Foster, Fosters wife Wendy Cheeseman, and Rogers wife Su Brumwell. By 1967, the couples had split to form their own firms. In 1971 Rogers entered a partnership with the Italian architect Renzo Piano. Although the partnership dissolved in 1978, both architects became world famous with their work in Paris France — the Centre Pompidou, completed in 1977. Rogers and Piano had invented a new type of architecture, where the mechanics of a building were not simply transparent but showcased as part of the facade. It was a different kind of postmodern architecture that many began to call high-tech and inside-out architecture. Exterior of Centre Pompidou. Richard T. Nowitz/Getty Images Rogers chose good partners, although it was Renzo Piano and not Rogers who in 1998 would win the first Pritzker Prize and then Norman Foster won in 1999. Rogers won in 2007, and the Pritzker Jury was still talking about Pompidou, saying it revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city. After Pompidou, the team split and the Richard Rogers Partnership was established 1978, which eventually became Rogers Stirk Harbour Partners in 2007. Personal Life Rogers married Susan (Su) Brumwell before they both went off to study at Yale University — he studied architecture and she studied town planning. She was the daughter of Marcus Brumwell who headed the Design Research Unit (DRU), a moving force in British design. The couple had three children and divorced in the 1970s, during the work on Centre Pompidou. Shortly after, Rogers married the former Ruth Elias of Woodstock, New York and Providence, Rhode Island. Called Ruthie, Lady Rogers is a well-known chef in Britain. The couple had two children. All of Richard Rogers children are sons. Famous Quote Architecture is too complex to be solved by any one person. Collaboration lies at the heart of all my work. Legacy Like all great architects, Richard Rogers is a collaborator. He partners not only with people but also with new technologies, the environment, and the societies in which we all live. He was an eary champion of energy efficiency and sustainability in a profession that came late to taking responsibility in protecting the environment. His fascination with technology is not merely for artistic effect, cites the Pritzker Jury, but more importantly, it is a clear echo of a buildings program and a means to make architecture more productive for those it serves. Inside Lloyds of London. Sean Batten/Getty Images (cropped) After the success of the Centre Pompidou in the 1970s, Rogers next huge project was the Lloyds of London building completed in 1986. The Pritzker Jury cited it as another landmark of late twentieth century design and that it established Richard Rogers’ reputation as a master not only of the large urban building, but also of his own brand of architectural expressionism. In the 1990s Rogers tried his hand at tensile architecture and created Londons temporary Millennium Dome, which is still being used as the O2 arena center of entertainment in Southeast London. The Rogers Partnership has designed buildings and cities all over the world — from Japan to Spain, Shanghai to Berlin, and Sydney to New York. In the U.S. he was part of the redevelopment of Lower Manhattan after the terrorist attacks of 9/11 — Tower 3 at 175 Greenwich Street is a Rogers design, completed in 2018. Rogers legacy is as the responsible architect, the professional who considers the workplace, the building site, and the world we share. He was the first architect to deliver the prestigious Reitch Lecture in 1995. In Sustainable City: Cities for a Small Planet he lectured the world: Other societies have faced extinction — some, like the Easter Islanders of the Pacific, the Harappa civilization of the Indus Valley, the Teotihuacan in pre-Columbian America, due to ecological disasters of their own making. Historically, societies unable to solve their environmental crises have either migrated or become extinct. The vital difference today is that the scale of our crisis is no longer regional but global: it involves all of humanity and the entire planet. The Leadenhall Building, London, UK. Oli Scarff/Getty Images

The Most Shocking Event That Occurred During World War One

If you were to consider the most shocking event that occurred during world war one and two, the first thing that might come to mind would probably be the Holocaust. And it certainly is a significant occurrence, rivaling even the war itself, but not a lot of people know that before this happened, during world war one, the Armenians faced a similar oppression from the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian Genocide was intently executed by the Ottoman Empire for accusation of alignment with the Soviet Union and was concealed under the guise of move due to war. Before delving further there are proceeding events that must be examined, such as what was taking place concurrently during WWI. Arthur Bright from The Christian Science Monitor stated that according to the Turks the reason the Armenians were targeted was not intentional, â€Å"Ottoman Empire s relocation policy wasn t targeted at Armenians because of their ethnic identity - rather, the Ottomans were targeting insurgent groups within the Armenian community.† So much like the United states amidst WW2 when any Japanese persons were taking to camps during times of war. However, in this case as one begins to see what happened before and during, it becomes clear that it was a lot more than just a simple relocation. The Armenian population were taken out of their homes and on convoys on which they were transported to concentration camps. Some of the biggest relocations were the convoys from Erzurum which as stated in TheShow MoreRelatedHorror of War and Their Effects831 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War One is an event that occurred from 1914 to 1918. This war was very horrific and shocking incidents which shook the world. The First World War was a time of great loss of life and bloodshed. It was known as terrors and misery throughout the entire war. In the short story â€Å"1919† by Morrison and the poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen these two pieces of literature show the horror of war and their effects. World War One is known for the horrific and shocking incidents as well as theRead MoreThe Tet Offensive And The Invasion Of Theu.s Embassy865 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment, the soldiers and in the presidential speeches. Along with the Tet Offensive, another event t hat changed the minds of Americans was the invasion of the U.S Embassy in Saigon, which later became known as the US Embassy: Fall of Saigon. The Fall of Saigon was also an invasion by the North Vietnamese on South Vietnam, and consequentially, the South fell to the North, effectively, ending the Vietnam War. 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Through his wife’s conversations, it is made apparent that Seymour has developed mental issues since returning home and these issues are shown through Seymour’s longing for isolation throughout the story. The unusual part of this fictional tale is the factRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hun dred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. 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Wal Mart s Fight For Child Labor - 1342 Words

In today’s world, one would believe that the majority of educated people stand against businesses exploiting child labor to produce its goods. However, one way or another, we have all supported these businesses every time we went shopping. Whether it was a soccer ball for a child or a jacket for an adult, it was possibly manufactured using child labor. This issue is an important factor when it comes to the global market where some U.S. companies such as Nike, Reebok, or Wal-Mart have participated in. Western civilization has attempted to fight child labor for many years now, with little or no advance in decreasing the rates of child labor in emerging economies. Third-world countries offer child labor, low-cost labor, in order to be more competitive in a given market. As a result, companies in United States and Europe choose low-cost and high profitability production without minding employing kids to do the work. It’s not only the big western companies who take advantage of this unethical behavior but also farmers and human traffickers exploit these children in need as well. Even though child labor seems beneficial to the marketplace including consumers and producers, it is an matter that needs to be tackled as soon as possible since millions of kids are suffering on daily basis due to this abuse of authority and power. Child labor is a problem all around the globe, but it mostly affects underage workers in developing countries. Child labor is considered full-timeShow MoreRelatedWal-Mart: Affects the Health of the United States3178 Words   |  13 PagesBentonville, Arkansas, Wal-Mart has not stopped expanding. The First Wal-Mart store was opened in 1962 by a Mr. Sam Walton. He opened the store with one intention: sell products people need at the lowest price available. Wal-Mart has since blown up into a globally known and used corporation. 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Others say new laws are not needed because the wage gap largely can be explained by such factors as women s choices of occupation and the amount of time they spend in the labor force. Meanwhile, a class-action suit charging Wal-Mart Stores with gender bias in pay and promotions — the biggest sex-discrimination lawsuit in U.S. history — may be heading for the Supreme Court. Some women s advocates argue that a controversialRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Minimum Wage1568 Words   |  7 Pageslow-wage positions. Although many people assume that fast food restaurants and large chain stores are the only low-wage employers, they are wrong as low-wage, low-reward jobs are all around us and include such jobs as security guards, nurse’s aides, child-care workers, pharmacy assis tants, and hair dressers. Low-wage service workers have little power to change their situations as many political, economic and corporate decisions have weakened the bargaining power of the average worker (Low, 2015). Unions

Don Juan Essay Research Paper In order free essay sample

Don Juan Essay, Research Paper In order to hold on the full significance of Lord Byron? s? Don Juan? , the manner, the talker, the hearer, and the actual and implicit in significance of the verse form must be analyzed. ? Don Juan? is a mock heroic poem that vividly narrates the feats of the ill-famed character of the rubric. This verse form is considered Lord Byron? s ( a.k.a George Gordon ) chef-doeuvre and placed Byron on the list of one of the great poets of the Romantic Time period. Byron? s manner is different of that of any other 19th century poets. In? Don Juan? , Byron evolves a signifier that best fits his topic. The manner used in? Don Juan? is personal and subjective, but the subjects are cosmopolitan ( Boyd 109 ) . Byron uses linguistic communication that expresses a full scope of emotions which lends to? Don Juan? s? astonishing tone and enormous energy. This tone and the energy besides come from Byron? s complete apprehension of the spoken linguistic communication ( Bottrall 108 ) . In his poesy, particularly in? Don Juan? , Lord Byron demonstrates the rhythmic ideals of conversational English through the devices he employs. ? The huddled velocity of inquiry and reply, parenthesis, tribunal chitchat, insinuation, push, and repartee, is breath-taking? ( Bottrall 109 ) . Byron sticks with a common ABABABCC rime strategy throughout? Don Juan? along with the normal word-order, and yet the beat of mundane address are besides introduced and meshed with all of the intricate stanza work. This produces a frenetic energy in the verse form that alleviates the authority of the narrative. The manner that Lord Byron fits signifier to subject in? Don Juan? adds vastly to the enjoyment of the verse form an many degrees. ? Don Juan? is told from the position of the chief character, Don Juan. He is a authoritative? Byronic hero? , characterized by his tempers passion, and dark sexual temptingness ( Keith 87 ) . ? Don Juan? is considered by most to be autobiographical, though none of the love scenes are purely so. Byron approaches many topics through Don Juan? s feats and grips them all? playfully on the surface, but with an underlying earnestness? ( Boyd 109 ) . Through his chief character, Lord Byron explains the confusion and loss of repute in his life brought on by love personal businesss ( Boyd 112 ) . He besides condemns the lip service of society? s and single? s ideals of love and particularly matrimony. In conformity with his beliefs on these ideals, Byron proceeds to do Juan out to be a hero in every regard of his life except in his dealingss with adult females, giving the hearer a spyhole in which Byron is uncovering a spot of himself. Byron explains or excuses the behaviour in his ain life by composing about Don Juan. He says, ? This is how the human being is evolved whom the universe ignorantly dubs a Don Juan. Hypocrisy, force, and barbarous self-indulgence in persons combine with an unnatural civilisation to destroy the pristine beauty and pureness of the human bosom? ( Boyd 112 ) . In most literature incorporating mentions to Don Juan he is portrayed as deceitful and immoral, but in Byron? s? Don Juan? he is shown to be an guiltless, beautiful, and capturing immature adult male whose manner with adult females leads to many gluey state of affairss. The inventiveness of this verse form is the oversights in the narrative in which Lord Byron has interjected his ain contemplations on the topic. In this manner Byron both offprints himself from Juan and merely expose their similarities. Lord Byron wrote? Don Juan? in a period of literary history when conservativism ruled. Public gustatory sensations were controlled by groups such as the Society for Suppression of Vice, and many authors and publishing houses feared prosecution for immoral stuff. In fact the foremost two cantos of? Don Juan? were in hazard of being edited out of the verse form because of their content. In this ambiance, Byron wrote his most risqu? verse forms in response to and perchance because of the increasing conservativism. ? Don Juan? is a sarcasm of the political and societal jobs during the Romantic Age and clearly is a release from the prudish, censored plants of the clip. It is a direct supplication to an audience of readers to spot the truth of his words and statements on life in his mixture of sexual and adventure subjects. The actual and implicit in significance of? Don Juan? are, in cases, both clearly stated and equivocally interchanged. Though Byron? s preoccupation is with all things romantic, he writes of political relations, faith, metaphysics, history, and nature. He uses a overplus of subjects to repeat his chief subject of Nature vs. Civilization. The best sum-up of the subjects of? Don Juan? is found at the terminal of Canto VII, ? Love # 8211 ; Tempest Travel # 8211 ; War? ( Byron 109 ) . Byron wrote a verse form with deep actual significance in the signifier of a blithe, adventurous, sex-laden narrative to pull an audience whose ignorance overrule their ability to hold on the badness of the jobs in their lives. In this sense, Lord Byron succeeds in capturing the truth in human nature and was left with a verse form that has been enjoyed through the ages.

Imperialism in India

Travelling Through the Dark by William Stafford

Travelling Through the Dark by William Stafford Living in a modern world people often have to face with several moral and ethical dilemmas that disclose their readiness to act. Each person, sooner or later, will have to make an important choice and take responsibility for a crucial decision. The problem is that the choices and decisions we make do not only affect our moral ideals, but also the world surrounding us.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Travelling Through the Dark by William Stafford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concerning this, William Stafford’s poem called Travelling through the Dark metaphorical discloses the importance of taking actions rather than observing, which is especially vital in unexpected situations. Otherwise, ignorance and failure to make an immediate decision can be fraught with severe consequences and, therefore, acting correctly and following moral and ethical implications is a duty of each in the world. The poem is a metap horical disclosure of the necessity to take immediate actions rather than observe. Hence, the poet discloses a person’s attitude to the essence of morale and its importance while making tough choices (Mendelson and Bryfonski 461). Though the plot is quite simple for understanding, it enables readers to conceive how a person acts and behaves while encountering challenging situations as well as what the speaker feels while depriving deer of life. Hence, when the stops the car to check what was wrong, he realizes that the situation was far more complicated than he expected. Although he first thinks that â€Å"it is usually best to roll them into the canyon: that road is narrow,† but his further reflections prove that he is not indifferent to what happened (Stafford 936, line 3). The speaker did not neglect the tragedy and thought over the way to act correctly in this situation and find the morally justified solution. In particular, he tries to explain his decision to put the deer aside the road as this can save more lives: â€Å"that road is narrow, to swerve might make more dead† (Stafford 936 line 4). However, he immediately withdrew this idea and started thinking of more ethically right alternatives. Making a choice is always a real challenge for the speaker leading him to the analysis of the meaning of darkness, which is often associated with uncertainty, ambiguity, and the unknown. Perhaps, this metaphorical representation of future and life creates even more hesitations and doubts toward the rightfulness of all human actions in terms of morale and ethics (Mendelson and Bryfonski 462) Hence, when the speaker finds a dead deer, the first thought that occurs to his mind is â€Å"to roll them into the canyon† (Stafford 936 line 3). At the same moment, the hesitation comes to rescue the situation forth.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The state of ambiguity is also recognized by the speaker who also provides the readers with a sign moral consideration: â€Å"Beside the mountain road I hesitated† (Stafford 936 line 12). This hesitation also reveals the idea that a person is ready to provide help and act morally. In the poem, the speaker is in the front of an important decision that the audience expects from him to do: â€Å"around our group, I could hear the wilderness listen† (Stafford 936 line 16). However, he realizes that swerving is risky because a car might fall into the canyon causing more human deaths. In the poem, Stafford does not only reflect on moral dilemmas and significance of human resolute actions and participation but on a person’s moral duty to preserve life. Therefore, people often tend to take steps instead to observe, specifically when it is a matter of life and death. When the speaker decides to interfere, he expresses his readiness and moral duty to he lp: â€Å"By glow of the tail-light I stumbled back of the car and stood by the heap, a doe, recent killing; She had stiffened already, almost cold. I dragged her off; she was large in the belly† (Stafford 936 lines 4-8). Here, the speaker is bold enough to get out of his car and pull the dead deer aside. Also, the author’s realization of the importance of life is followed by guilty consciousness that is concealed in his attempt to check whether the deer is alive. The speaker realizes that the dear is about to deliver a fawn, but he realizes that he can do nothing but make a difficult choice: â€Å"her fawn lay there waiting alive, still, never to be born† (Stafford 936, lines 10-11). Hence, the very thinking of the possibility to save a life serves the speaker as an excuse for his refusal to help. Despite his difficult choice, the speaker still realizes the sacredness of life. After a thorough analysis of the poem, it is possible to deeper understand the role o f human deeds as well as their readiness to participate rather than to observe. The topic presented in the poem contributes significantly to realizing the essence of human life as well as the way it is affected both by nature and civilized world. More importantly, it also reveals the situations immediate decisions and actions are signifiers of morally justified choice. In the poem, the speaker did not ignore the situation and decided to act immediately under moral and ethical decisions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Travelling Through the Dark by William Stafford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mendelson, Ed. Phyllis Carmel, and Dedria Bryfonski. William Stafford (1914-). Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research, 1977. Stafford, William. Traveling Through the Dark. In Literature, Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. UK: Longman, 2006.

Cadbury (Pre and Post Merger Performance Evaluation) Coursework

Cadbury (Pre and Post Merger Performance Evaluation) - Coursework Example Prior to the acquisition, the Cadbury operations and activities were narrowly streamlined along a consistent pattern. They were limited to the main stream markets, with no major expansion in the new and unexplored markets, with focus on core strategy, and little element of innovation on display, although this all served well and Cadbury still enjoyed success, fame and glory in the market, yet there is no limit to success and glory, and more can be added any time. This was to be added in form of the Kraft’s overtake, that adopted a change in management style, the business patterns, the partnerships and expansion policy and much more that in other words gave a totally new life to Cadbury in different angles.Being one of the most notable English companies, it was very unlikely to be taken over by any foreign company; however the fears turned true in 2010 when an American based company â€Å"Kraft† took over and introduced relatively new patterns and management styles. The takeover was received in a mixed way but mostly with a relatively negative trend in social sphere. As a result of the recent change, management style, and the patterns and rules of engagement have seen a slight change with regard to the previous patterns that were operational in past. ... Recent change of Command: Being one of the most notable English companies, it was very unlikely to be taken over by any foreign company; however the fears turned true in 2010 when an American based company â€Å"Kraft† took over (Cadbury, 2010) and introduced relatively new patterns and management styles. The takeover was received in a mixed way but mostly with a relatively negative trend in social sphere. As a result of the recent change, management style, and the patterns and rules of engagement have seen a slight change with regard to the previous patterns that were operational in past. Managing style: An international organization such as Cadbury needs a clearly defined management style and organizational activities to allow successful operational functions. Realizing its importance, Cadbury has a democratic and hierarchical management style. Each of the member enjoys complete freedom and opportunity in contributing towards the organization and making it the world’s top most chocolate selling and producing industry and organization. Hierarchy in ranks: Hierarchy is an evident form of management and leadership in most major organizations in present day. The hierarchy broadly divides the organizations in to three layers, namely top management, middle management and lower staff. Hierarchy at Cadbury is also distributed in the same manner, with top management performing the role of decision making, policy envisaging and declaration of the S.O.Ps and dealings with the international organizations and stake holders, the middle management in the industry is inducted to ensure that the top and lower management are kept intact. Post merger-acquisition scenario: Kraft engages into professional, selective and specialized processes that make them world famous and

Environmental Ethics. Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Ethics. Assignment 7 - Essay Example Although there are significant improvements in environmental protection, there still exist communities that continue to live in an unhealthy and unsafe environment. This is because of the discriminatory environmental policies enacted by the government, causing adverse impacts on the poor people and communities. It is evident that the current environment protection regulations have produced unfair outcomes, such as exposure to harmful substances, promotion of ‘risky’ technologies, economic and political exploitation of communities, as well as subsidized ecological destruction. Furthermore, the contemporary protection paradigm has enforced unequal environment controls by trading human health for economic profit. This tendency has placed a sense of responsibility on the part of the victims rather than the polluting industry. As stated by Bullard, procedural, geographic and social inequities has to be eliminated for ensuring just and fair outcomes from the environment protection policies. Firstly, governing rules, regulations and enforcement of environment policies has to be applied uniformly, without any discrimination. The environmental decision-making has to be reinforced with scientific and democratic opinions through effective communications. Secondly, geographic locations and its proximity to environment hazards have to be taken into account, while formulating the policies and regulations. Thirdly, sociological factors like race, ethnicity, class, culture, political power, etc., and their role in environment protection have to be assessed while making environmental decisions. Thus, the solution for this unequal environmental protection relies on enforcing nondiscriminatory way of environmental policies that includes â€Å"the right to protection, prevention of harm, shifting the burden of proof, obviating proof of intent to discriminate, and targeting resources to redress inequities.† (Bullard, 1994,

Business Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce Essay

Business Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce Essay Candles have been in existence for many years. At one time, people depended on them to light as well as heat their homes. Archaeologists have found proof of the existence of ancient candles in caves all over the world, most recently in France. The theory is that cavemen used candles as a source of light for etching their stories and charts on the walls of their homes. These candles were most likely created from fat derived from animals that were killed for food and fur. Even the ancient Egyptians created and used candles. Regardless of what material the candle is made of, to burn and provide adequate light and heat it has to have plasma, solids, gasses, and liquids. In todays modern world, we create candles for our own personal enjoyment, as crafts and hobbies for most people. Some people enjoy making candles so much that they turn their craft into a profitable business. With a little creativity, you can make some truly unique candles, simply by adding your own designs and skills. It is possible to make candles in every shape and size that you can imagine, and in any colours you can create. You can even add essential oils and fragrances to your candles, so that they not only provide decorative light, but a beautiful scent as well. Most of todays modern candles are made primarily out of paraffin wax, but some are also made of beeswax as well. Paraffin wax is a wax that is derived from plants, found naturally all over the world. Strict safety precautions should be followed when making your candles. It could be very easy to make a small mistake and suffer serious burns from the wax, not to mention the very real danger of fire, when using or creating candles. There should be separate area in your home or workshop especially for candle making, with fire extinguishers readily available in case of emergency. For a new candle making, it will be best to start with simple candle designs, then increase the difficulty as your skill increases. The basic techniques of candle making, have to be learn and setup your work area appropriately. Pay attention to temperatures, and make certain that you are careful to follow safety rules. Candle making is fairly easy once when understanding the basics and perfect techniques. The good news is that the supplies needed in candle making are fairly inexpensive, so no worry about wasting money if ruin along the way. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The broad aim of the study is to introduce candle manufacturing business into Nigeria market in other to improve their standard of living. Along this broad aim emerges the following specific objectives which are: To determine the viability of Candle manufacturing business in Nigeria market. To determine the feasibility of Candle manufacturing business in Nigeria market. To determine the market trends for Candle business. CHAPTER TWO MARKET SURVEY / ANALYSIS 2.1 MARKET The end users of candle are mainly householders. It is their source of lightening during power outage. As earlier mentioned white garment churches (the celestial and cherubim and seraphim) are the other end users of candle for making supplication to celestial bodies. Survey of candle making businesses revealed that there are also other major manufacturer of candle such as Candle Royal, Chem.-Bold, BBC Candle, star candle, China candle, to mention a few. This is a plethora of small scale manufacturers. The market for candle stick is relatively large, given the frequency of power outage and the high cost of generating plants and fuel, which is a substitute for power supply. While power outage and interruption is common place in the urban centres, the rural electrification schemes of the government are gradually taking off but not yet sufficient to provide alternative power. Consequently, the market for candle sticks is a promising one while the project stands a good chance of success. Presently the types of candle stick produced by the aforementioned manufacturers have been found to burn out relatively faster than expected. From experience and research they take between 3 to 5 hours to burn- off. Reasons adduced for this is mainly the interior content/ concentration of the melt paraffin wax and the size of the candle sticks. This limitation and weakness has resulted in the inability to satisfy existing demand satisfactorily. The situation would be much more precarious when importation of candles is stopped and demand is now concentrated on local candles. To improve on these weaknesses, our own candle is being strengthened with high concentration of good, tested and quality melt paraffin wax. We are also planning to make varied sizes of these white and coloured candle sticks to cater for various users. Also, the effect of these competitors has been examined by sensitising the price of the products at 5 and 10 percent reduction. 2.2 MARKET TREND Given all the above it has been extremely difficult to determine accurately substantial data which could be interpreted to reveal the trend of demand for candle sticks at the range in this study for obvious reasons: One, the candle making industry in Ibadan, Oyo state is relatively young and competitors unwillingness to part with their company data Secondly, the type of candle we envisage both in size and content is different from other competitors. Nevertheless, estimated existing production figure for all these competitors for 2008 is 2,112,000 units in Ibadan However this figure is inconclusive if the object was for a detailed analysis. Because of these limitations, one is constrained to look at the consumption trend. 2.3 PROJECTION OF DEMAND As earlier stated, because of the power outage, high cost of generating plants and fuel used, candle has readily become a good alternative. Also considering the unique size and content of our candle, we are of opinion that the project will have no problem in gaining access to the market. Information of candle consumption revealed that in 1998, Oyo state with a population of about 3.5 million people has an estimated demand of 3 million candles There is therefore a shortfall of 888,000 units which if imported candle takes 300,000 units would leave an existing demand of 588,000 units. This project is therefore assured of patronage with adequate promotion of the product by the promoters. THE MICRO ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS LOCATION THE ECONOMY: The Nigeria economy was shaped, and greatly influenced by the character of the colonial economy which was purely exploitative. The major impulse of colonial rule was the search for cheap and steady supply of raw materials for the bargaining industries in Europe foreign market for the massively produced goods outlet for surplus capital and employment of cheap labour (Gann and Digman (eds), 1969). The raw materials in keen demand included cotton for textile factories, rubber for types and other products, palm oil, hides and skin or leather products, timber for furniture, as well as mineral resources like Tin, Bauxite, Coal to mention a few. The mineral and agricultural endowments of the colonial territories, Nigeria in particular, were massively tapped and exploited for use in Western Europe and North America, an exploitation rationalized in terms of the advantage in primary products.(Onimode, 1981).The a kind of symbolic relations between colonial territories and metropol is was enacted which favoured the metropolis. This process was further reinforced by the export of the surplus capital necessary by the need to sustain the rate of profit and capitalist accumulation in Europe. Consequently Nigeria large internal market became a major dumping ground for equipment and a host of other consumer goods (Dike 1956).Successive indigenous governments in the country have tried to grapple with the constrains created by the colonial economy. However the massive wealth generated from the sales of crude oil has made the economy monoculture depending as it were on crude oil. Since oil has become a major political tool in the hand of world powers the price per barrel of crude oil has become vulnerable. This trend has serious implications on national economic growth and development. The dependency on crude oil also gives rise to other economic adversities. Nigerian economy, which was agrarian and self-reliant, has become dependent on food baskets from Western Europe and North America. Thus the country has become a dumping ground for all sorts of goods consumers and capital goods from these foreign countries. It was against this backdrop that the structural adjustment programme (SAP) was launched in September 1986 by the Federal Military Government. The specific and major objectives of SAP are; (1). To restructure and diversify dependence on the oil sector and economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and on exports. (2). To achieve fiscal and balance of payment viability over the period. (3). To lay the basis for a sustainable non inflationary or minimal inflationary growth. (4) To lessen the dominance of unproductive investment in the public sector improve the sectors efficiency and intensify the growth of the private sector. POPULATION AND LABOUR (MAN POWER) MATTERS Aside her strong economic base Nigeria is blessed with abundant human resources. Going by 1991 population Census Nigeria has a population of over 88 million with balanced demographic distribution. Nigeria population in absolute and qualitative terms is indeed appreciable compared to the rest of African. Thus there is abundant supply of semiskilled and unskilled in particular as well as skilled labour. This has downward implication for the cost of labour which has been one of the attractions for investors (both foreign and indigenous). However worth salary and wage regulation effected in 2007, which put the minimum basic salary at N8, 500.00 for federal employees and N9, 500.00 for state and local government employees the prices of various categories of labour are rising. 2.5 LEGAL AND SOCIAL MATTERS Candle making business is not in the list of prohibited or government monopolies. Therefore an investor is free to start off the business upon completing some legal requirement. Business premises registration levies which involved a minimum of =N=10, 000.00 and =N=5, 000.00 for renewal per annum have to be met. Similarly, women should be adequately represented in the firms employment given the campaign for gender equality following Beijin conference of 1991. Grassroots participation in the manufacture of candle sticks should be given a pride of place. 2.6 THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT The Nigeria political history is a chequered one, characterized by military intervention in the power politics of the country. The first republic which commenced in October 1, 1960, operated a parliamentary system headed by Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The government was sacked in January 15, 1966, paving way for military regime for some thirteen years regime that fought civil war (1967 1970) and marked by intra military change. On October 1, 1979 the military regime handed over political power to civilian political authority headed by Alhaji Shehu Shagari under a presidential system of government. By December 1983 the military junta intervened once again in the politics of the county and this lasted till May 29, 1999 when the political power was transferred to the civilian political authority headed by Chief Olusegun Cbasanjo under a presidential system of government in the model of Second Republic. The Nigeria masses are highly mobilized and militant which was a fallout of the annu lment of June 12 presidential election won by Late Chief Abiola of the south west Nigeria. The annulment of the election result created socio-economic even political crises in the country. Be that at it may Nigeria political climate is becoming predictable and stable and the national questions are being finally addressed. A regime of socio-political stability and economic progress is guaranteed under the democratic political dispensation. CHAPTER THREE TECHNICAL ANALYSIS ENGINEERING DESIGN AND FABRIACATION The engineering design and fabrication of candle making equipment can be handled locally. Indisputably, the cost saving element is a big advantage to a new entrants into the business, with modest capital. The design and fabrication can be raised in size and sophistication depending on the capital available to the buyer. Machinery and other equipment necessary for the manufacturing of candle sticks are listed below. Candle moulding machine Water pumping machine( electrical) Overhead water tank Melting pot Pail or container to pour the melted wax into the moulding machine Scrapper Parking table The materials required for candle making are as follows: Paraffin wax ( by- product of petroleum product) Candle thread Cooking gas or coal pot Vegetable oil Water Nylon Labels Empty cartons Tape/ tape cutter OTHER CAPITAL ITEMS office furniture and equipment and fittings pick up van ( car) Standby generator CHAPTER 4 4.1 RESOURCES PLANNING AND COST MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATION In order to ensure effective management of operation, provision should be made for the following organisational arrangements: MANAGING DIRECTOR As the owner of the business, he co-ordinates all facets of the business and ensure the smooth running of the business in all ramifications. PRODUCTION / QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER He/ she is responsible for the production of candle sticks , to meet specification and standards. He/she should be able to undertake repair function if and when it breaks down. It is recommended that the holder of the position should have HND or B.SC in Mechanical Engineering COMPANY SECRETARY/ ACCOUNTANT The accountant will be the financial offer of the company as well as the company secretary. He will among other duties, be responsible for the following matters: Maintance of proper books of accounts Credit control Budget preparation, monitoring and review Banking and Assistance to auditors It is recommended that the holding of the position should hold a B.Sc. Degree or HND in Accountancy or a professional qualification with at least five (5) years corporate experience. CONFIDENTIAL SECRETARY Should possess certificate in secretarial Administration preferably Ordinary National Diploma (O.N.D) with proficiency in computer application software e.g. word processing etc and would be responsible for the typing jobs of the company and other assigned duties MACHINE OPERATOR Should possess certificate in production engineering preferably an Ordinary National Diploma (O.N.D). he would be responsible for actual production of the candle with adequate Supervision by the Production Manager. SALES MEN Should possess academic qualification in marketing preferably an Ordinary National Diploma with experience in selling same or related products. ORGANISATION CHAT MANAGING DIRECTOR COMPANY ACCOUNTANT SECRETARY PRODUCTION/QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER CONFIDENTIAL SECRETARY SALES MEN MACHINE OPERATOR CLERK DRIVER OPERATION OF THE COMPANY PRODUCTION: Production planning and control Production engineering Production design and Production auxiliaries ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE Accounting Policies Companys financial situation and Credit control system MARKETING: Product; Pricing system; Distribution system; Promotion; and Other processing PURCHASING: Raw material; Parts and components Work in progress Sub assemblies Maintenance and repair supplies and Other operating supplies PERSONNEL: Quality of staff Recruitment and selection Staff development and promotion Staff welfare Settling disputes/ complaint and Staff discipline 4.2 PROJECT COST AND FINANCING The estimated cost of candle manufacturing firm is =N= 2,087,000.00. This is inclusive of the cost of land and buildings, equipment, and other capital items and working capital. TABLE 1 PROJECT COST SUMMARY Land and Building COST IN NAIRA Land acquisition and development including Drainage, landscaping and other development 250,000 Office and Factory Building 400,000 Sub total 650,000 Plant and Machinery Machines, tools and equipment for manufacturing Water cooling system 250,000 Standby generator 120,000 Contingency cost 10% 37,000 Sub total 407,000 Other capital items Office furniture equipment and fitting 100,000 Motor van and Cars 600,000 Preliminary expense 80,000 Subtotal 780,000 Working Capital 250,000 GRAND TOTAL 2,087,000 LAND AND BUILDING Land requirement is approximately 1,200 sq.m for a building of 800 sq.m which provide for manufacturing, Office maintenance shop and raw materials plus finished goods storage. It is expected that the modest amount is expected to build the factory and office complex an inexpensive location. PLANT AND MACHINERY The cost of machinery to fully produce at 80% capacity has been approximated at =N=407,000. This includes the fabrication of the candle making machine, water pumping machine and overhead water tank and the melting pot and drum. Provision is made also for a standby generator to forestall the inadequacies in countrys power supply at =N= 120,000. A 10% contingency is also provided for to take care of increases in price. OTHER CAPITAL ITEMS Provision has been made for office furniture, equipment and fittings at a cost of =N= 100,000 and =N= 600,000 for the purchase of two vehicles i.e. =N= 350,000 for a second hand van and =N= 250,000 second hand car for running around. A provision of =N=80,000 is made for preliminary expenses like cost of registration of business with the government etc. WORKING CAPITAL Provision has been made for working capital to cover the following items Stock of raw materials 6 months Stock of finished goods 2 weeks Account receivable 2 weeks Operating Cost 1 month PROJECT FINANCING It is proposed that the total project cost of =N=2,087,000 be financed as follows NATURE STRUCTURE AMOUNT % Equity Shareholder 750,000 35.93 Working Capital commercial bank 250,000 11.97 Long term loan Development bank 1,087,000 52.10 2,087,000 100.00 SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY The required equity of =N= 750,000 represents 35.93% of the total project cost. This is expected to be contributed by the company promoters. WORKING CAPITAL The working capital requirement varies from =N=250,000 in the first year to =N=550,000 in the fifth year. This estimate is based on the following assumptions That 6 months stock of raw materials will be available That at any one time 2 weeks stock of finished goods will remain That accounts receivable will or average 2 weeks sales That operating cost for one month will be met. See calculation of working capital requirement. LONG TERM LOAN =N= 1,087,000 is the long term requirement which is expected to be obtained from a development bank for small scale enterprise (SME). This is expected to meet the cost of plant and machinery and to complete the factory and office buildings. INTEREST RATE Interest rate calculation was based on the notion that arbitrage will be =N=7.00 between deposit rate and lending rate coupled with the enforcement of senate motion that lending rate should come to 15% COMMERCIAL VIABILITY I have examined the proposals to establish the candle making factory in Ibadan, Oyo state and confirm that the company is economical and commercially viable as shown in the financial projections. The projection are based on the following assumptions Sale forecast and sales revenue Projected income statement Projected cash flow statement Projected balance sheet + The following are the highlights SALES REVENUE Net sales are projected to increase from =N=1,200,000 in the first year to =N=1,458,600 in the fifth year. In line with the increase in planned production from 480,000 units of candle in the first year to 583,440 units in the fifth year INCOME STATEMENT Profit before tax increases from =N=408,700 in the first year to =N=564,118 in the fifth year. This is a modest increase envisage in view of the newness of the business and stiff competition from other companies in the same business. TABLE 2 No. Required Recommendation =N= Production/Quality control manager 1 72,000 Coy Accountant/secretary/admin Mgr 1 60,000 Sales Men 1 36,000 Confidential Secretary 1 30,000 Machine Operator 2 48,000 Clerk 1 18,000 Driver 1 21,600 TOTAL 8 285,600 TABLE 3: SALES FORECASTS AND SALES REVENUE 4.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS I have been able to confirm that the project is economically viable based on my estimation and with economy condition of Nigeria. I have endeavoured to use the basics tools of economic analysis in the form of Benefit/ cost Ratio, Net present Value and internal Rate of Return ( IRR) sense but the actual net inflow of funds which will accrue to the firm as a result of undertaking this project i.e. all revenue from sales minus all cost, including any investment takes place. No deductions are made for depreciation. NET PRESENT VALUE The project shows a positive Net Present Value of when discounted at 15%. This shows that investment in this project gives profit greater than could be got by investing the same amount at the Firms Marginal Investment rate. (It is assumed that profit realised are withdrawn for use by the firm in any way it chooses) BENEFIT/ COST RATIO The benefit/ cost ratio which is the ratio of the discounts streams of benefit to the discounted streams of costs this shows that the benefits divisible from the project outweighs whatever costs incurred if all benefits and costs are discounted to present Values INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNS The internal rate of return on the other hand is the rate of return that is being earned on Capital tied up while it is tied up after allowing for recoupment of initial investment. This was found to be 24.6%. Given that we discounted at 15% i.e. we assumed the cost of Capital (interest) was 15%, the project would still earn a surplus of 9.6% over and above the cost of Capital while allowing for all the recoupment of the initial investment. In effect, if the rate of interest were increased by an additional 5%, the investment project will still be economically viable 5.3 SUMMARY, RECCOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION From the five year projection made and analysis carried out, we have found that this investment in the candle making business here at Ibadan would be a worthwhile one. In the first instance, considering the consumption nature of the city of Ibadan coupled with the larger population of people in the city, the product is assured of a ready market. In the second instance, having made a market survey showing that despite the fact that many similar products are available in the market, there is still an untapped market of about 25%. The acute power outage and interruption in the face of assurances by the power and steel Minister to rectify it, not withstanding, the product is assured of regular demand Meanwhile we have designed some marketing strategies like increasing the number of candles in the packet to 12 instead of the number 8 or 10 while still proposing to sell at N20.00, a price considered very cheap compared to other substitutes going for N40 or thereabout Other strategy is to use the company sales van to go round the state in the sales promotion, i.e. going from one town to the other with mounted speaker to create awareness and sensitise the public. We are equally envisaging going on air using the state media e.g. Television, radio and Newspaper to promote the product. On the return aspect of the project, the promoters and the financiers of the project e.g banks are assured of adequate and compensating returns on their investment. With a constant cash flow coupled with profit every year for the next five years, the company is projected to be on the right pedestal to carve a niche in the sector and be a potential leader in the candle making business. RECOMMENDATION We are however recommending that government give incentives to cottage industries like our own by providing the enabling environment e.g. provision of good network of roads, free flowing un-interrupted water and electricity supply to enable constant and peak production at all times. The interest rate could also be reviewed down through good fiscal policies by the financial regulatory bodies to reducing cost of financing. As usual, government should enforce the strict adherence to lending houses commitment to small scale manufacturing concerns Inflation rate should also be reduced or regulated to ensure growth of small companies CONCLUSION This candle making project from the foregoing study no doubt is a worthwhile investment and is recommended for financing.

Writer’s Block: A Comparative Analysis Focusing on Rhetor Essay

Once upon a time there was a young maiden named Cinderella who lived with her wicked stepmother and two ugly stepsisters. There was a ball where the Prince danced with a beautiful maiden. However, at the stroke of midnight, the young woman fled the ball, dropping one of her glass slippers along the way. The next day, the King proclaimed that the Grand Duke visit every house in the kingdom to find the girl who fit into the glass slipper, so that she can be married to the Prince. When the Grand Duke arrives at Cinderella’s house, her stepsisters try on the slipper, but it does not fit them. Then, Cinderella appears, tries on the slipper, and it fits. Soon after, Cinderella is happily married to the Prince (Cinderella). This is Disney’s 1950’s account of the classic fairy tale Cinderella, which greatly differs from the Brothers Grimm retelling. The Brothers Grimm story is filled with violence and misfortune, not with fairy godmothers and singing mice, as in Disneyâ €™s version. In the Brother’s Grimm account of Cinderella, when the first stepsister’s toe is too big for the slipper she cuts it off. Similarly, when the second stepsister tries on the slipper she cuts off her heel to make her foot fit. However, the Prince realizes each of the stepsisters has deceived him and does not take them to be his wife. Then, Cinderella tries on the slipper, it fits, and the Prince takes her as his bride. At the wedding, pigeons peck out one eye of each of the stepsisters for their wickedness and falsehood (â€Å"Cinderella†). Throughout the years, the story of Cinderella has changed as different authors, including the Brothers Grimm and Walt Disney have weaved their perspectives, morals, and agendas into their retellings. Just as varying rhetors can ha... ...individuals to become complex thinkers and form ideas of their own. With a broad range of ideas and opinions, these individuals have the power to change their attitudes, lives and ultimately, they can change the world. Works Cited â€Å"About TED.† TED. TED Conferences, LLC. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"Biography.† Joel Kotkin. Joel Kotkin. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"Boilerplate Bio.† James Howard Kunstler The Personal File. James Howard Kunstler. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"Cinderella.† Cinderella. San Josà © State University. Web. 23 April 2012. Cinderella. Dir. Clyde Geronimi, Hamilton Luske and Wilfred Jackson. Perf. Ilene Woods and Betty Lou Gerson. Walt Disney, 1950. Film. Kotkin, Joel. â€Å"Suburbia’s Not Dead Yet.† Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 6 July 2008. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"The Tragedy of Suburbia.† TED. TED Conferences, LLC. May 2007. Web. 23 April 2012.

King Rat Analysis

The author James Clavell, born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell was a British novelist, screenwriter, director and World War II veteran and prisoner of war. Many of his novels were converted to movies, most famous of them being The Great Escape with Steve McQueen. In WW II he was wounded by machine-gun fire, he was eventually captured and sent to a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp on Java. Later he was transferred to Changi Prison in Singapore. He suffered greatly at the hands of his Japanese captors. Changi was notorious for its poor living conditions. Clavell was reportedly saved, along with an entire battalion, by an American prisoner.The novel This is captured in the novel King Rat from 1962. The novel opens in early 1945. Peter Marlowe, a young British Flight Lieutenant, has been a P. O. W. since 1942. He describes horrible conditions in Changi. The P. O. W. ‘s are given nothing by the Japanese other than filthy huts to live in and the bare minimum of food needed to prevent st arvation. Officers from various parts of Britain's Asian empire are reduced to wearing rags and homemade shoes. Biggest concern is obtaining enough food to stay alive from day to day and avoiding disease or injury, since almost no medical care is available.Some literally steal food out the mouths of their comrades, while others give away what they have or take terrible risks to help their friends. Then Marlowe meets with „Kingâ€Å", an american corporal who became infamous throughout the camp as the most successful trader and black marketeer in Changi. Actually he was the only one who lived like a human being with clean clothes and enough food for more than 5 men. They become close friends, later Marlowe helps King with his trades. Marlowe being a naive idealist then sees how the world really works, he changes his points of view what makes his bond with King even stronger.The book ends with liberation of the camp by British forces. King leaves to America and is never seen by Marlove again. The book features many different characters, from different countries and their struggle for survival. Some live of the others, some take great risks to help the others, biggest of them being a construction of a riado to get news about the progress of war, what later Marlowe with 2 of his friends do too. Novel realisticaly shows the life in a prison camp, men? s problems with food, deseases, japanese guards, weather, their personalities, concerns bout their families or how the war will end. Analylis of the book King Rat – why is the book called King Rat? One of the main character? s last name and also nickname is „Kingâ€Å" and the rat probably because they literaly lived like rats while they were in Changi. So he was the King of the rats. Or, Later in the book they start a rat farm to get meat and sell it and the first rat they caught was the biggest and the strongest of all so the title can be based on the similarity of King with this rat. The novel consists of 4 parts called Book One, Book two, Book Three, and Book Four.Each book deals with a little different time and closely describe different characters. They go chronologically where Book One is the beginning of the story early in year 1945 and Book Four shows King? s and Marlowe? s last and biggest deal and moves to their departure from the camp in the end. It has 26 chapters simply named Chapter + a number. Reason for this is that there is so much going on in each chapter that it would be very difficult to name the chapters and the names would be very misleading. It has 383 pages. There is no pattern to this, no resemblance to years of his birth or anything.He just finished on his page and so it has 383 pages. The book itself is great, the way it? s written is very exceptional and catchy and the way the writter puts so many ideas and situations together is simly ingenious. But in the end many things are left unexplained like fake promotion of an MP officer or fates of diff erent characters. It is full of reported speech. Practicly the whole book is one reported speech with few introductions giving the gist of the situation and environment, because it? s the best way to show the minds of so many characters, their feelings, thoughts†¦The part I chose shows King? s birthday, when he invited his closed friends to a prison building to cook some real food. He acquired some real meat – a dog that had to be put down the day before because it killed a chicken and some sake.Stylistic devices Stunned silence – epitet Two hundred yards – Why is it used? Author used yards to show the distance and the word was very common in those times MP – abbreviation (Military police) Why is it used? Abbreviations are very common in ilitary talkâ€Å", soldiers use them all the time, so it gives us a better image of how they think and talk. It drags us more into the story. Stench – repetition Why is it used? Stench is a very strong and rude word and the author used it to show us exactly how bad it smelled Cell 54 – Why is it used? It was used because it? s a real story so it really happened in cell 54 Seven feet wide and eight feed long and ten feet high; three feet high and three feet wide and six feet long; nine feet up – Why is it used? Author tries to give us an image of how the cell looked like, and also uses repetition of the word eet as it is the most common unit of lenght in the world Cobber – australian slang meaning mate or friend Why is it used? It is used because the character is Australian Ay, laddie – scottish slang, laddie meaning boy Why is it used? It is used because the character is Scottish For Chris sake! – emphasis You mean to say you got us in here just for that? Why the hell couldn? t we have done it in our billet? – rethorical question – character asks a question and doesn? t expect an answer Rajah – Indian word for King Mother of god – emphasis Sudden stunned silence – alliteration Buck – american slang for DollarMahlu – in Malyan meaning ashamed, very often used in the book with the word Puki – very rude name for female genitals Bloody – slang, swearing What is it? – question Sake! – emphasis It? s real, real real – repetition Long story – ephasis I? ll be goddamned! – emphasis Chrissake – slang Like an Indian smoke signal – comparison You? re no chicken, you know – emphasis, lilotes, hyperbole Blast you – slang, emphasis Oh, Jesus! – emphasis Boil, boil, boil and bubble†¦ – repetition, alliteration It? s Double, double toil and trouble ; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble! – quoting, allusionBetcha – slang USC – abbreviaton for University of Southern California The world? d stop – metonymy That? s crap, said the King at about Rockefeller? And Morgan and Ford and du Point? And all the others? It? s their philantropy that finances a helluva lot of research and libraries and hospitals and ard. Why without their dough- – hypophora – character asks a question but immediately answers it Bloodsuckers – slang I suppose you? re a Democrat? – rethorical question – character asks a question and doesn? t expect an answer Republicans – metonymy Crapdoodle – slang This guy? s from Christmas – metaphor