Business Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce Essay

Business Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce Essay Candles have been in existence for many years. At one time, people depended on them to light as well as heat their homes. Archaeologists have found proof of the existence of ancient candles in caves all over the world, most recently in France. The theory is that cavemen used candles as a source of light for etching their stories and charts on the walls of their homes. These candles were most likely created from fat derived from animals that were killed for food and fur. Even the ancient Egyptians created and used candles. Regardless of what material the candle is made of, to burn and provide adequate light and heat it has to have plasma, solids, gasses, and liquids. In todays modern world, we create candles for our own personal enjoyment, as crafts and hobbies for most people. Some people enjoy making candles so much that they turn their craft into a profitable business. With a little creativity, you can make some truly unique candles, simply by adding your own designs and skills. It is possible to make candles in every shape and size that you can imagine, and in any colours you can create. You can even add essential oils and fragrances to your candles, so that they not only provide decorative light, but a beautiful scent as well. Most of todays modern candles are made primarily out of paraffin wax, but some are also made of beeswax as well. Paraffin wax is a wax that is derived from plants, found naturally all over the world. Strict safety precautions should be followed when making your candles. It could be very easy to make a small mistake and suffer serious burns from the wax, not to mention the very real danger of fire, when using or creating candles. There should be separate area in your home or workshop especially for candle making, with fire extinguishers readily available in case of emergency. For a new candle making, it will be best to start with simple candle designs, then increase the difficulty as your skill increases. The basic techniques of candle making, have to be learn and setup your work area appropriately. Pay attention to temperatures, and make certain that you are careful to follow safety rules. Candle making is fairly easy once when understanding the basics and perfect techniques. The good news is that the supplies needed in candle making are fairly inexpensive, so no worry about wasting money if ruin along the way. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The broad aim of the study is to introduce candle manufacturing business into Nigeria market in other to improve their standard of living. Along this broad aim emerges the following specific objectives which are: To determine the viability of Candle manufacturing business in Nigeria market. To determine the feasibility of Candle manufacturing business in Nigeria market. To determine the market trends for Candle business. CHAPTER TWO MARKET SURVEY / ANALYSIS 2.1 MARKET The end users of candle are mainly householders. It is their source of lightening during power outage. As earlier mentioned white garment churches (the celestial and cherubim and seraphim) are the other end users of candle for making supplication to celestial bodies. Survey of candle making businesses revealed that there are also other major manufacturer of candle such as Candle Royal, Chem.-Bold, BBC Candle, star candle, China candle, to mention a few. This is a plethora of small scale manufacturers. The market for candle stick is relatively large, given the frequency of power outage and the high cost of generating plants and fuel, which is a substitute for power supply. While power outage and interruption is common place in the urban centres, the rural electrification schemes of the government are gradually taking off but not yet sufficient to provide alternative power. Consequently, the market for candle sticks is a promising one while the project stands a good chance of success. Presently the types of candle stick produced by the aforementioned manufacturers have been found to burn out relatively faster than expected. From experience and research they take between 3 to 5 hours to burn- off. Reasons adduced for this is mainly the interior content/ concentration of the melt paraffin wax and the size of the candle sticks. This limitation and weakness has resulted in the inability to satisfy existing demand satisfactorily. The situation would be much more precarious when importation of candles is stopped and demand is now concentrated on local candles. To improve on these weaknesses, our own candle is being strengthened with high concentration of good, tested and quality melt paraffin wax. We are also planning to make varied sizes of these white and coloured candle sticks to cater for various users. Also, the effect of these competitors has been examined by sensitising the price of the products at 5 and 10 percent reduction. 2.2 MARKET TREND Given all the above it has been extremely difficult to determine accurately substantial data which could be interpreted to reveal the trend of demand for candle sticks at the range in this study for obvious reasons: One, the candle making industry in Ibadan, Oyo state is relatively young and competitors unwillingness to part with their company data Secondly, the type of candle we envisage both in size and content is different from other competitors. Nevertheless, estimated existing production figure for all these competitors for 2008 is 2,112,000 units in Ibadan However this figure is inconclusive if the object was for a detailed analysis. Because of these limitations, one is constrained to look at the consumption trend. 2.3 PROJECTION OF DEMAND As earlier stated, because of the power outage, high cost of generating plants and fuel used, candle has readily become a good alternative. Also considering the unique size and content of our candle, we are of opinion that the project will have no problem in gaining access to the market. Information of candle consumption revealed that in 1998, Oyo state with a population of about 3.5 million people has an estimated demand of 3 million candles There is therefore a shortfall of 888,000 units which if imported candle takes 300,000 units would leave an existing demand of 588,000 units. This project is therefore assured of patronage with adequate promotion of the product by the promoters. THE MICRO ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS LOCATION THE ECONOMY: The Nigeria economy was shaped, and greatly influenced by the character of the colonial economy which was purely exploitative. The major impulse of colonial rule was the search for cheap and steady supply of raw materials for the bargaining industries in Europe foreign market for the massively produced goods outlet for surplus capital and employment of cheap labour (Gann and Digman (eds), 1969). The raw materials in keen demand included cotton for textile factories, rubber for types and other products, palm oil, hides and skin or leather products, timber for furniture, as well as mineral resources like Tin, Bauxite, Coal to mention a few. The mineral and agricultural endowments of the colonial territories, Nigeria in particular, were massively tapped and exploited for use in Western Europe and North America, an exploitation rationalized in terms of the advantage in primary products.(Onimode, 1981).The a kind of symbolic relations between colonial territories and metropol is was enacted which favoured the metropolis. This process was further reinforced by the export of the surplus capital necessary by the need to sustain the rate of profit and capitalist accumulation in Europe. Consequently Nigeria large internal market became a major dumping ground for equipment and a host of other consumer goods (Dike 1956).Successive indigenous governments in the country have tried to grapple with the constrains created by the colonial economy. However the massive wealth generated from the sales of crude oil has made the economy monoculture depending as it were on crude oil. Since oil has become a major political tool in the hand of world powers the price per barrel of crude oil has become vulnerable. This trend has serious implications on national economic growth and development. The dependency on crude oil also gives rise to other economic adversities. Nigerian economy, which was agrarian and self-reliant, has become dependent on food baskets from Western Europe and North America. Thus the country has become a dumping ground for all sorts of goods consumers and capital goods from these foreign countries. It was against this backdrop that the structural adjustment programme (SAP) was launched in September 1986 by the Federal Military Government. The specific and major objectives of SAP are; (1). To restructure and diversify dependence on the oil sector and economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and on exports. (2). To achieve fiscal and balance of payment viability over the period. (3). To lay the basis for a sustainable non inflationary or minimal inflationary growth. (4) To lessen the dominance of unproductive investment in the public sector improve the sectors efficiency and intensify the growth of the private sector. POPULATION AND LABOUR (MAN POWER) MATTERS Aside her strong economic base Nigeria is blessed with abundant human resources. Going by 1991 population Census Nigeria has a population of over 88 million with balanced demographic distribution. Nigeria population in absolute and qualitative terms is indeed appreciable compared to the rest of African. Thus there is abundant supply of semiskilled and unskilled in particular as well as skilled labour. This has downward implication for the cost of labour which has been one of the attractions for investors (both foreign and indigenous). However worth salary and wage regulation effected in 2007, which put the minimum basic salary at N8, 500.00 for federal employees and N9, 500.00 for state and local government employees the prices of various categories of labour are rising. 2.5 LEGAL AND SOCIAL MATTERS Candle making business is not in the list of prohibited or government monopolies. Therefore an investor is free to start off the business upon completing some legal requirement. Business premises registration levies which involved a minimum of =N=10, 000.00 and =N=5, 000.00 for renewal per annum have to be met. Similarly, women should be adequately represented in the firms employment given the campaign for gender equality following Beijin conference of 1991. Grassroots participation in the manufacture of candle sticks should be given a pride of place. 2.6 THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT The Nigeria political history is a chequered one, characterized by military intervention in the power politics of the country. The first republic which commenced in October 1, 1960, operated a parliamentary system headed by Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The government was sacked in January 15, 1966, paving way for military regime for some thirteen years regime that fought civil war (1967 1970) and marked by intra military change. On October 1, 1979 the military regime handed over political power to civilian political authority headed by Alhaji Shehu Shagari under a presidential system of government. By December 1983 the military junta intervened once again in the politics of the county and this lasted till May 29, 1999 when the political power was transferred to the civilian political authority headed by Chief Olusegun Cbasanjo under a presidential system of government in the model of Second Republic. The Nigeria masses are highly mobilized and militant which was a fallout of the annu lment of June 12 presidential election won by Late Chief Abiola of the south west Nigeria. The annulment of the election result created socio-economic even political crises in the country. Be that at it may Nigeria political climate is becoming predictable and stable and the national questions are being finally addressed. A regime of socio-political stability and economic progress is guaranteed under the democratic political dispensation. CHAPTER THREE TECHNICAL ANALYSIS ENGINEERING DESIGN AND FABRIACATION The engineering design and fabrication of candle making equipment can be handled locally. Indisputably, the cost saving element is a big advantage to a new entrants into the business, with modest capital. The design and fabrication can be raised in size and sophistication depending on the capital available to the buyer. Machinery and other equipment necessary for the manufacturing of candle sticks are listed below. Candle moulding machine Water pumping machine( electrical) Overhead water tank Melting pot Pail or container to pour the melted wax into the moulding machine Scrapper Parking table The materials required for candle making are as follows: Paraffin wax ( by- product of petroleum product) Candle thread Cooking gas or coal pot Vegetable oil Water Nylon Labels Empty cartons Tape/ tape cutter OTHER CAPITAL ITEMS office furniture and equipment and fittings pick up van ( car) Standby generator CHAPTER 4 4.1 RESOURCES PLANNING AND COST MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATION In order to ensure effective management of operation, provision should be made for the following organisational arrangements: MANAGING DIRECTOR As the owner of the business, he co-ordinates all facets of the business and ensure the smooth running of the business in all ramifications. PRODUCTION / QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER He/ she is responsible for the production of candle sticks , to meet specification and standards. He/she should be able to undertake repair function if and when it breaks down. It is recommended that the holder of the position should have HND or B.SC in Mechanical Engineering COMPANY SECRETARY/ ACCOUNTANT The accountant will be the financial offer of the company as well as the company secretary. He will among other duties, be responsible for the following matters: Maintance of proper books of accounts Credit control Budget preparation, monitoring and review Banking and Assistance to auditors It is recommended that the holding of the position should hold a B.Sc. Degree or HND in Accountancy or a professional qualification with at least five (5) years corporate experience. CONFIDENTIAL SECRETARY Should possess certificate in secretarial Administration preferably Ordinary National Diploma (O.N.D) with proficiency in computer application software e.g. word processing etc and would be responsible for the typing jobs of the company and other assigned duties MACHINE OPERATOR Should possess certificate in production engineering preferably an Ordinary National Diploma (O.N.D). he would be responsible for actual production of the candle with adequate Supervision by the Production Manager. SALES MEN Should possess academic qualification in marketing preferably an Ordinary National Diploma with experience in selling same or related products. ORGANISATION CHAT MANAGING DIRECTOR COMPANY ACCOUNTANT SECRETARY PRODUCTION/QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER CONFIDENTIAL SECRETARY SALES MEN MACHINE OPERATOR CLERK DRIVER OPERATION OF THE COMPANY PRODUCTION: Production planning and control Production engineering Production design and Production auxiliaries ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE Accounting Policies Companys financial situation and Credit control system MARKETING: Product; Pricing system; Distribution system; Promotion; and Other processing PURCHASING: Raw material; Parts and components Work in progress Sub assemblies Maintenance and repair supplies and Other operating supplies PERSONNEL: Quality of staff Recruitment and selection Staff development and promotion Staff welfare Settling disputes/ complaint and Staff discipline 4.2 PROJECT COST AND FINANCING The estimated cost of candle manufacturing firm is =N= 2,087,000.00. This is inclusive of the cost of land and buildings, equipment, and other capital items and working capital. TABLE 1 PROJECT COST SUMMARY Land and Building COST IN NAIRA Land acquisition and development including Drainage, landscaping and other development 250,000 Office and Factory Building 400,000 Sub total 650,000 Plant and Machinery Machines, tools and equipment for manufacturing Water cooling system 250,000 Standby generator 120,000 Contingency cost 10% 37,000 Sub total 407,000 Other capital items Office furniture equipment and fitting 100,000 Motor van and Cars 600,000 Preliminary expense 80,000 Subtotal 780,000 Working Capital 250,000 GRAND TOTAL 2,087,000 LAND AND BUILDING Land requirement is approximately 1,200 sq.m for a building of 800 sq.m which provide for manufacturing, Office maintenance shop and raw materials plus finished goods storage. It is expected that the modest amount is expected to build the factory and office complex an inexpensive location. PLANT AND MACHINERY The cost of machinery to fully produce at 80% capacity has been approximated at =N=407,000. This includes the fabrication of the candle making machine, water pumping machine and overhead water tank and the melting pot and drum. Provision is made also for a standby generator to forestall the inadequacies in countrys power supply at =N= 120,000. A 10% contingency is also provided for to take care of increases in price. OTHER CAPITAL ITEMS Provision has been made for office furniture, equipment and fittings at a cost of =N= 100,000 and =N= 600,000 for the purchase of two vehicles i.e. =N= 350,000 for a second hand van and =N= 250,000 second hand car for running around. A provision of =N=80,000 is made for preliminary expenses like cost of registration of business with the government etc. WORKING CAPITAL Provision has been made for working capital to cover the following items Stock of raw materials 6 months Stock of finished goods 2 weeks Account receivable 2 weeks Operating Cost 1 month PROJECT FINANCING It is proposed that the total project cost of =N=2,087,000 be financed as follows NATURE STRUCTURE AMOUNT % Equity Shareholder 750,000 35.93 Working Capital commercial bank 250,000 11.97 Long term loan Development bank 1,087,000 52.10 2,087,000 100.00 SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY The required equity of =N= 750,000 represents 35.93% of the total project cost. This is expected to be contributed by the company promoters. WORKING CAPITAL The working capital requirement varies from =N=250,000 in the first year to =N=550,000 in the fifth year. This estimate is based on the following assumptions That 6 months stock of raw materials will be available That at any one time 2 weeks stock of finished goods will remain That accounts receivable will or average 2 weeks sales That operating cost for one month will be met. See calculation of working capital requirement. LONG TERM LOAN =N= 1,087,000 is the long term requirement which is expected to be obtained from a development bank for small scale enterprise (SME). This is expected to meet the cost of plant and machinery and to complete the factory and office buildings. INTEREST RATE Interest rate calculation was based on the notion that arbitrage will be =N=7.00 between deposit rate and lending rate coupled with the enforcement of senate motion that lending rate should come to 15% COMMERCIAL VIABILITY I have examined the proposals to establish the candle making factory in Ibadan, Oyo state and confirm that the company is economical and commercially viable as shown in the financial projections. The projection are based on the following assumptions Sale forecast and sales revenue Projected income statement Projected cash flow statement Projected balance sheet + The following are the highlights SALES REVENUE Net sales are projected to increase from =N=1,200,000 in the first year to =N=1,458,600 in the fifth year. In line with the increase in planned production from 480,000 units of candle in the first year to 583,440 units in the fifth year INCOME STATEMENT Profit before tax increases from =N=408,700 in the first year to =N=564,118 in the fifth year. This is a modest increase envisage in view of the newness of the business and stiff competition from other companies in the same business. TABLE 2 No. Required Recommendation =N= Production/Quality control manager 1 72,000 Coy Accountant/secretary/admin Mgr 1 60,000 Sales Men 1 36,000 Confidential Secretary 1 30,000 Machine Operator 2 48,000 Clerk 1 18,000 Driver 1 21,600 TOTAL 8 285,600 TABLE 3: SALES FORECASTS AND SALES REVENUE 4.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS I have been able to confirm that the project is economically viable based on my estimation and with economy condition of Nigeria. I have endeavoured to use the basics tools of economic analysis in the form of Benefit/ cost Ratio, Net present Value and internal Rate of Return ( IRR) sense but the actual net inflow of funds which will accrue to the firm as a result of undertaking this project i.e. all revenue from sales minus all cost, including any investment takes place. No deductions are made for depreciation. NET PRESENT VALUE The project shows a positive Net Present Value of when discounted at 15%. This shows that investment in this project gives profit greater than could be got by investing the same amount at the Firms Marginal Investment rate. (It is assumed that profit realised are withdrawn for use by the firm in any way it chooses) BENEFIT/ COST RATIO The benefit/ cost ratio which is the ratio of the discounts streams of benefit to the discounted streams of costs this shows that the benefits divisible from the project outweighs whatever costs incurred if all benefits and costs are discounted to present Values INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNS The internal rate of return on the other hand is the rate of return that is being earned on Capital tied up while it is tied up after allowing for recoupment of initial investment. This was found to be 24.6%. Given that we discounted at 15% i.e. we assumed the cost of Capital (interest) was 15%, the project would still earn a surplus of 9.6% over and above the cost of Capital while allowing for all the recoupment of the initial investment. In effect, if the rate of interest were increased by an additional 5%, the investment project will still be economically viable 5.3 SUMMARY, RECCOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION From the five year projection made and analysis carried out, we have found that this investment in the candle making business here at Ibadan would be a worthwhile one. In the first instance, considering the consumption nature of the city of Ibadan coupled with the larger population of people in the city, the product is assured of a ready market. In the second instance, having made a market survey showing that despite the fact that many similar products are available in the market, there is still an untapped market of about 25%. The acute power outage and interruption in the face of assurances by the power and steel Minister to rectify it, not withstanding, the product is assured of regular demand Meanwhile we have designed some marketing strategies like increasing the number of candles in the packet to 12 instead of the number 8 or 10 while still proposing to sell at N20.00, a price considered very cheap compared to other substitutes going for N40 or thereabout Other strategy is to use the company sales van to go round the state in the sales promotion, i.e. going from one town to the other with mounted speaker to create awareness and sensitise the public. We are equally envisaging going on air using the state media e.g. Television, radio and Newspaper to promote the product. On the return aspect of the project, the promoters and the financiers of the project e.g banks are assured of adequate and compensating returns on their investment. With a constant cash flow coupled with profit every year for the next five years, the company is projected to be on the right pedestal to carve a niche in the sector and be a potential leader in the candle making business. RECOMMENDATION We are however recommending that government give incentives to cottage industries like our own by providing the enabling environment e.g. provision of good network of roads, free flowing un-interrupted water and electricity supply to enable constant and peak production at all times. The interest rate could also be reviewed down through good fiscal policies by the financial regulatory bodies to reducing cost of financing. As usual, government should enforce the strict adherence to lending houses commitment to small scale manufacturing concerns Inflation rate should also be reduced or regulated to ensure growth of small companies CONCLUSION This candle making project from the foregoing study no doubt is a worthwhile investment and is recommended for financing.

Writer’s Block: A Comparative Analysis Focusing on Rhetor Essay

Once upon a time there was a young maiden named Cinderella who lived with her wicked stepmother and two ugly stepsisters. There was a ball where the Prince danced with a beautiful maiden. However, at the stroke of midnight, the young woman fled the ball, dropping one of her glass slippers along the way. The next day, the King proclaimed that the Grand Duke visit every house in the kingdom to find the girl who fit into the glass slipper, so that she can be married to the Prince. When the Grand Duke arrives at Cinderella’s house, her stepsisters try on the slipper, but it does not fit them. Then, Cinderella appears, tries on the slipper, and it fits. Soon after, Cinderella is happily married to the Prince (Cinderella). This is Disney’s 1950’s account of the classic fairy tale Cinderella, which greatly differs from the Brothers Grimm retelling. The Brothers Grimm story is filled with violence and misfortune, not with fairy godmothers and singing mice, as in Disneyâ €™s version. In the Brother’s Grimm account of Cinderella, when the first stepsister’s toe is too big for the slipper she cuts it off. Similarly, when the second stepsister tries on the slipper she cuts off her heel to make her foot fit. However, the Prince realizes each of the stepsisters has deceived him and does not take them to be his wife. Then, Cinderella tries on the slipper, it fits, and the Prince takes her as his bride. At the wedding, pigeons peck out one eye of each of the stepsisters for their wickedness and falsehood (â€Å"Cinderella†). Throughout the years, the story of Cinderella has changed as different authors, including the Brothers Grimm and Walt Disney have weaved their perspectives, morals, and agendas into their retellings. Just as varying rhetors can ha... ...individuals to become complex thinkers and form ideas of their own. With a broad range of ideas and opinions, these individuals have the power to change their attitudes, lives and ultimately, they can change the world. Works Cited â€Å"About TED.† TED. TED Conferences, LLC. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"Biography.† Joel Kotkin. Joel Kotkin. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"Boilerplate Bio.† James Howard Kunstler The Personal File. James Howard Kunstler. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"Cinderella.† Cinderella. San Josà © State University. Web. 23 April 2012. Cinderella. Dir. Clyde Geronimi, Hamilton Luske and Wilfred Jackson. Perf. Ilene Woods and Betty Lou Gerson. Walt Disney, 1950. Film. Kotkin, Joel. â€Å"Suburbia’s Not Dead Yet.† Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 6 July 2008. Web. 23 April 2012. â€Å"The Tragedy of Suburbia.† TED. TED Conferences, LLC. May 2007. Web. 23 April 2012.

King Rat Analysis

The author James Clavell, born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell was a British novelist, screenwriter, director and World War II veteran and prisoner of war. Many of his novels were converted to movies, most famous of them being The Great Escape with Steve McQueen. In WW II he was wounded by machine-gun fire, he was eventually captured and sent to a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp on Java. Later he was transferred to Changi Prison in Singapore. He suffered greatly at the hands of his Japanese captors. Changi was notorious for its poor living conditions. Clavell was reportedly saved, along with an entire battalion, by an American prisoner.The novel This is captured in the novel King Rat from 1962. The novel opens in early 1945. Peter Marlowe, a young British Flight Lieutenant, has been a P. O. W. since 1942. He describes horrible conditions in Changi. The P. O. W. ‘s are given nothing by the Japanese other than filthy huts to live in and the bare minimum of food needed to prevent st arvation. Officers from various parts of Britain's Asian empire are reduced to wearing rags and homemade shoes. Biggest concern is obtaining enough food to stay alive from day to day and avoiding disease or injury, since almost no medical care is available.Some literally steal food out the mouths of their comrades, while others give away what they have or take terrible risks to help their friends. Then Marlowe meets with „Kingâ€Å", an american corporal who became infamous throughout the camp as the most successful trader and black marketeer in Changi. Actually he was the only one who lived like a human being with clean clothes and enough food for more than 5 men. They become close friends, later Marlowe helps King with his trades. Marlowe being a naive idealist then sees how the world really works, he changes his points of view what makes his bond with King even stronger.The book ends with liberation of the camp by British forces. King leaves to America and is never seen by Marlove again. The book features many different characters, from different countries and their struggle for survival. Some live of the others, some take great risks to help the others, biggest of them being a construction of a riado to get news about the progress of war, what later Marlowe with 2 of his friends do too. Novel realisticaly shows the life in a prison camp, men? s problems with food, deseases, japanese guards, weather, their personalities, concerns bout their families or how the war will end. Analylis of the book King Rat – why is the book called King Rat? One of the main character? s last name and also nickname is „Kingâ€Å" and the rat probably because they literaly lived like rats while they were in Changi. So he was the King of the rats. Or, Later in the book they start a rat farm to get meat and sell it and the first rat they caught was the biggest and the strongest of all so the title can be based on the similarity of King with this rat. The novel consists of 4 parts called Book One, Book two, Book Three, and Book Four.Each book deals with a little different time and closely describe different characters. They go chronologically where Book One is the beginning of the story early in year 1945 and Book Four shows King? s and Marlowe? s last and biggest deal and moves to their departure from the camp in the end. It has 26 chapters simply named Chapter + a number. Reason for this is that there is so much going on in each chapter that it would be very difficult to name the chapters and the names would be very misleading. It has 383 pages. There is no pattern to this, no resemblance to years of his birth or anything.He just finished on his page and so it has 383 pages. The book itself is great, the way it? s written is very exceptional and catchy and the way the writter puts so many ideas and situations together is simly ingenious. But in the end many things are left unexplained like fake promotion of an MP officer or fates of diff erent characters. It is full of reported speech. Practicly the whole book is one reported speech with few introductions giving the gist of the situation and environment, because it? s the best way to show the minds of so many characters, their feelings, thoughts†¦The part I chose shows King? s birthday, when he invited his closed friends to a prison building to cook some real food. He acquired some real meat – a dog that had to be put down the day before because it killed a chicken and some sake.Stylistic devices Stunned silence – epitet Two hundred yards – Why is it used? Author used yards to show the distance and the word was very common in those times MP – abbreviation (Military police) Why is it used? Abbreviations are very common in ilitary talkâ€Å", soldiers use them all the time, so it gives us a better image of how they think and talk. It drags us more into the story. Stench – repetition Why is it used? Stench is a very strong and rude word and the author used it to show us exactly how bad it smelled Cell 54 – Why is it used? It was used because it? s a real story so it really happened in cell 54 Seven feet wide and eight feed long and ten feet high; three feet high and three feet wide and six feet long; nine feet up – Why is it used? Author tries to give us an image of how the cell looked like, and also uses repetition of the word eet as it is the most common unit of lenght in the world Cobber – australian slang meaning mate or friend Why is it used? It is used because the character is Australian Ay, laddie – scottish slang, laddie meaning boy Why is it used? It is used because the character is Scottish For Chris sake! – emphasis You mean to say you got us in here just for that? Why the hell couldn? t we have done it in our billet? – rethorical question – character asks a question and doesn? t expect an answer Rajah – Indian word for King Mother of god – emphasis Sudden stunned silence – alliteration Buck – american slang for DollarMahlu – in Malyan meaning ashamed, very often used in the book with the word Puki – very rude name for female genitals Bloody – slang, swearing What is it? – question Sake! – emphasis It? s real, real real – repetition Long story – ephasis I? ll be goddamned! – emphasis Chrissake – slang Like an Indian smoke signal – comparison You? re no chicken, you know – emphasis, lilotes, hyperbole Blast you – slang, emphasis Oh, Jesus! – emphasis Boil, boil, boil and bubble†¦ – repetition, alliteration It? s Double, double toil and trouble ; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble! – quoting, allusionBetcha – slang USC – abbreviaton for University of Southern California The world? d stop – metonymy That? s crap, said the King at about Rockefeller? And Morgan and Ford and du Point? And all the others? It? s their philantropy that finances a helluva lot of research and libraries and hospitals and ard. Why without their dough- – hypophora – character asks a question but immediately answers it Bloodsuckers – slang I suppose you? re a Democrat? – rethorical question – character asks a question and doesn? t expect an answer Republicans – metonymy Crapdoodle – slang This guy? s from Christmas – metaphor

Essay on Materialism

Essay on Materialism Materialism refers to a collection of personality traits. The contemporary world is full of people who possess materialistic trait. They have a belief that owning and acquisition of the right properties is the vital ingredients of happiness. These people think that success is judged by the things individual possesses. Philosophers and theologians have been complaining for long that materialism is contrary to moral life. More often the goal of gaining material wealth is regarded as empty and in result it prevents a person from being involved in a normal life. The consequences of pursuing materialistic lifestyle are the inability to reach the state of happiness in one’s life. The empirical studies, carried out to find the correlation between happiness and materialism, have confirmed negative correlation between the two. Being materialistic is bad, as it leads to the creation of the world of difference in the way people treat other human beings. The materialistic people hardly treat others as their equals and often go extra mile to show off their wealth. They hardly care about anyone but themselves and frequently tend to exploit and trample people through the process of a dog eat dog world. It is, therefore, important for people to follow the teachings of the Bible and become moral. The little things we possess, we need to share with the poor as this will ensure equality in the society. Materialism nurtures corruption and causes the society to be impoverished. Materialistic people use every available means to ensure that the rest of the people in the society remain poor. The aspect of materialism is more pronounced in the third world countries, where leaders are driven by greed and in the process embezzle public funds to maintain their status.

The Role of Witches in Macbeth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1001 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Macbeth Essay Did you like this example? Shakespeare expected to draw in his group of onlookers with something that is certified and that was critical in his time and at that explicit time that was the extraordinary, and Shakespeare created the play Macbeth for King James I in help of him getting the chance to be supporter of the theater, also the ruler was incredibly fascinated into the heavenly, even made books on the issue, Shakespeare even took from the book for the commence of the 3 witches, For instance, James expounded on the capacity of witches to either revile men with ineptitude or accomplish a similar outcome by debilitating them with rehashed sexual experiences. In Act 1, Scene 3, the primary witch portrays her intend to torment the mariner Ill deplete him dry as roughage and Ill do and Ill do and Ill do, recommending that she will abandon him depleted and restless by more than once engaging in sexual relations with him which is evil without any charms simply activity.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of Witches in Macbeth" essay for you Create order The gathering of spectators back in the Elizabethan time were making their psyche up whether Macbeth choices were up close and personal or affected by the three witches since Shakespeare showed what witches of that time would do and act, yet with the exception of Macbeth being self-important and dubious about what he has made sense of how to utilize it for his own one of a kind favorable position, anyway the likelihood of the powerful did not start in this right period it was passed down. Witches and extraordinary had been a subject of numerous for quite a while. Many believed in the force of enchantment, dull charm which was always poisonous, and spirits in the midst of the Elizabethan time in history dated back to feelings from a ton earlier events. Trust in old charm and herbs in like manner animals (familiars), yet the Elizabethans didnt have to rely upon Shakespeare for verification of witches mischiefs complex and magic works awful (Supernatural-Shakespeare). In the play Macbeth asks the witches, Though you loosen the breezes and let them fight against the spots of love anyway bladed corn be ceased and trees blown down reply to me to what I ask which implies Macbeth acknowledges what they can do and this is what everyone thought about witches how they are loathsome, additionally for current groups of onlookers it could be hard to comprehend why Macbeth, who was a successful fighter in that century in Scotland, gave his thoughtfulness regarding something so malevolent, yet Shakespeares gatherings of people would have seen totally, black magic was a piece of the general populations day by day life. Individuals blamed unnatural events as made by witches, yet some believed they had no genuine method to ensure themselves Most Elizabethans supported a methodology of non-experience with those they thought were witches(Papp and Kirkland), however the conviction was profound to the point that the overall public started to used retaliatory charm that would switch the revile. For most Elizabethans, dark enchantment was malicious, and uncovering and communicating charms was the most notable ways witches worked. In the midst of the trust they were excessively far to simply trust that there were no heavenly occasions going on. Shakespeare used dark enchantment to movement to his gathering of spectators that Scotland was in a powerless and disturbed state. What made witches unsafe was their staggering want and energy to pitch their spirits in order to achieve control (for their circumstance, vile rather than political). In like way, Macbeth falls prey to comparable inclinations. Macbeth is molded by heavenly powers with the utilization of the abnormal witches, the nebulous visions like the separated head, wicked kid and the imperial tyke wearing the crown were seen by the charms and elixir given to Macbeth by the witches, and the phantom of Banquo. The phantom of Banquo frequents Macbeth by helping him to remember the horrendous activities he has submitted so as to be in the best spot when the apparition of banquo shows up in the play it demonstrates a ton about the character Macbeth we perceive how he responds when he look at the apparition, likewise the drifting blade which was the most significant time in the play, the knife is symbolizing Macbeth plummet into franticness, however there he cant tell the knife isnt genuine, yet later in the play Macbeths vision and reality get stirred up and he supposes the phantom of Banquo is genuine , and gradually every one of the dreams and mind flights began to wear on his cerebrum and his conscious.is the blade which I see before me.. which was a visualization. At the point when the blade appears to Macbeth he turns into the casualty of the hallucinations he is having, the knife is the reason Macbeth submitted. The knife is utilized to urge Macbeth to perpetrate the wrongdoing and this is what demonstrates to us that the blade is insidious Macbeth says is this a blade I find before me, with its handle indicating my hand? Come let me hold you..The powers lead Macbeth to act the manner in which he did and add puzzle to the play and leaves the crowd in tension. The witches clearly had an effect on Macbeth in the play and you can see as Macbeth experiences his change, from better warrior than a power hungry despot and this helps upgrade the change he experiences on account of the witches. All witches said reasonable is foul, and foul is reasonable; float through the mist and dirty air. which means doubt everything and in the haze its difficult to tell whats truly there. The supernatural help as a job of an visible sign of hatred, and clear soundness and judgment to wander off to a killers mind with the appearance of banquos ghost. The witches played an very big part that encourages Macbeths response to the level where his moralities are flawed, and his section of blood shed, also being blamed and commiting disgusting acts.

The Effects Of Animal Testing Essay - 1432 Words

The Effects of Animal Testing Animal testing is by far, inhumane and downright unacceptable. Although, there are various types of organizations that are pro-animal care, such as, Animal Welfare information center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or, PETA, all in which do their best to keep animal testing as humane as possible, there are alternatives for finding cures or testing the safety of certain products. Animal cruelty is detrimental to numerous species enduring studies in labs; the importance of companies noticing this tragedy could save millions of animal lives, all while having the same outcomes and benefits for humans or more desirable results. Animal testing is animal cruelty. The animals or guinea pigs per say, used in these experiments are being held captive, obviously against their own will since they cannot speak, and are under extreme stress. In spite of the fact that, animals cannot voice their discomforts, they do so by refusing to eat or remaining still as opposed to engaging in normal activity (Schreiner). Particular tests performed lead to genetic mutation and sometimes forced pregnancies. In the online article, â€Å"Effects of Animal Testing,† Schreiner states that, â€Å"Genetic mutations are induced to test the validity of a scientific principle or the effect of the manipulation of one or more of the animals’ genes.† Thus, leading to ineffective interactionsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Animal Testing On Animals1142 Words   |  5 Pagesof the products used to test on animals, but for what reason. By using these products, you are a suspect to animal testing/ cruelty. Animals should have as much rights as humans, because no animal should have to go through so much pain for what reason, does society really need new cleaning products and chemically made soap? But what society needs to know behind closed doors is that there are about 115 million animals that suffer and are killed each year. Also, animals endure chemicals being drippedRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing941 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been around since 500 BC starting with dissecting animals in ancient greece. French animal testers believed that animals were â€Å"automata† and could not feel pain or emotions. There was no public objections to animal testing until the 19th century when there was an increase of adopting domestic pets. Nowadays public opinion is split down the middle on whether or not animals should be tested on. The animals are generally tested on for cosmetics, health, commercial, biomedical, spaceRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Society1393 Wo rds   |  6 Pagesdistinguished for being time consuming, costly and complex. However, this timely manner is beneficial for society as it meant to provide an efficient and safe medication. Concerns regarding when animal studies are necessary compared to clinical trials has been a debatable topic among society. For over a decade, animal research has served as a fundamental component in many medical findings. Mousses are commonly used in laboratories, as we as humans share nearly 95% of our genes, making them a useful andRead MoreThe Negative Effect Of Animal Testing1989 Words   |  8 Pages DTRP Written Report by Shi Jin Foundation studies 2015 Design Technology Research Project Animal testing The negative effect of animal testing Student: S3365788 Shi Jin (Anna) Group members: Najwa Elyna Binti Rosman s3499394 Teacher : Timothy Krysko Contents Part A. Research Report 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Analysis of findings 3.1 Research question 3.2 Results Read MoreThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing1966 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing, Why it Should be Eliminated   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animals have been used for scientific testing since the ages of Aristotle and Erasistratus.   Should we continue using animals as our test subjects, or is it time for a change? Many argue over whether testing on animals is good or bad, this debate has been continuous because it has both positive and negative affects. Animal testing has been the cause of many scientific breakthroughs, but, these are overthrown by the negative impact that animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1146 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of animals suffer and die unnecessarily each year as they become subjects for medical testing and other horrendous experiments. Although some people believe such activities are necessary to progress in medical research, in reality it does very little to improve human health and development. For decades, drug and chemical safety assessments have been based on laboratory experimentations involving rabbits, dogs, rodents, and other an imals. Consequently, nine out of ten drugs proven safeRead MoreThe Effects Of Animal Testing On Human Society1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of animal testing has been going on for a long time. Although there have been many cases where people try to stop it or try to convince people that it is wrong in today’s society it is still happening all over the world. This research paper will talk about how in today’s society is racing to discover cures for diseases. How humans have made advancements in the world we have also established the scientific evolution. By doing so our ethics and morals have failed to progress. The knowledgeRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1433 Words   |  6 Pagesevidence supports that animal testing comes at a higher cost to animals than was initially acknowledged. Accounts of anxiety disorders, changes in behavior, hormone levels, and the amount of pain animals endure now drive the conversation regarding reforming anima l testing practices. It is also noted that the predictive value of animal models do not translate into clinical success. The majority of animal research does not lead to improving human health. Most argue the use of animals overall is a needlessRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On The Poor Treatment Of Animals1093 Words   |  5 PagesAn increasing number of activists believe that animals have rights. However, this idea is somewhat controversial because animal activists look down upon the poor treatment of animals. They have a fear that animal testing is causing abuse and suffering to the helpless animals. Animal testing is a fairly serious matter because of all of the malfunctions and harm that leads to animal suffrage. The types of animals being used, such as rats, mice,rabbits, and chips are selected specifically for the testRead MoreThe Morality Of Animal Testing And Its Effect On The Biomedical And Consumer World1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Morality of Animal Testing and its Effect on the Biomedical and Consumer World Animal testing has been a controversial problem in today’s society and it affects people from all over the world1 not just animal activists or scientists. Most of the products and medicines used today have been tested on animals. These animals used in experiments have been thought to only benefit society but morally this hurts our society. This hurts our society because now animal testing has become a social normality

Marketing Strategy of ALDI

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy of ALDI. Answer: Introduction According to Baker (2014), marketing strategy is the art of developing the demand of a particular product or a brand that is present in the current market. To develop a product market strategy, it includes the development of a new product and launching it in the existing market. Therefore, marketing can be defined as a customer group, consumers, clients and the difference between the wants and needs from the viewpoint of the product and the service that it will provide. It also includes the perception of performance, ownership and the competitive advantage of the product in the market. Company background Aldi began its operation in Australia from 2001 onwards in the month of January. It started on the Eastern side of the country where stores were present in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. The company as of 2013 had around 300 stores in operation and they intend to open about 20 to 30 stores with each passing year. The distribution centres of the company are at Minchinbury and Prestons, which are located in New South Wales, Staplyton in Queensland and Victoria, which has two centres that are Derrimut and Dandenong. (Refer to Appendix) Two brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht first started the company as a private business organization in Germany in the year 1948. The brothers then split the company in two halves, which were called Aldi North headed by Theo, and Aldi South headed by Karl respectively. The name Aldi came from the original family name, which was Albrecht Discounts. The main aim of the company was to offer heavy discounts to the consumers on the various products that the store had. They even organized the special buys that had different products in each week (Corporate.aldi.com.au, 2017). Marketing Strategy of the company in 2001 At the time of entering the market, the strategy adopted by the company was to offer quality products at a very low price. The key elements that helped the strategy to be formulated were: Exclusive brand products- The focus of the company was on exclusive products that were offered by the different brands. The company went in to partnerships with many leading manufacturers to come up with their own line of goods and products. A few brands like Vegemite, were offered to the customers because the company kept on looking for substitute that would cost less and yet was a good alternative to the main product (Ododo, Mulholland and Turner 2015). Limited range- The Company in all means wanted to provide the customers with low cost high quality products. This was only possible with a limited range of products as to stock the items related to the characteristics of the products in which Aldi took up the lead. It looked for suppliers who could provide the products with the taste according to the customers keeping in mind the factor of competitive price. Aldi offered those products at their most popular sizes and not all the sizes that were available for those products. Because of this, the other supermarkets had around 20,000 units in its production line where as Aldi had like around 600 to 700 lines at the most. The company significantly reduced its cost structure by stocking a particular size of the products that were liked by the consumers (Price 2016). Focus- The focus of Aldi regarding the products was to maintain its core business properly and not diversify unlike Woolworths and Coles who expanded their business from retail sector to petrol, pharmaceutical, liquor and the e-commerce sector. Aldi kept a policy of surprise buys wherein it sold products like televisions and computers, which were bought in bulk to supply their consumers for a limited period. These surprise buys were made by the company to play the game of low pricing yet selling a high quality product policy (Mitchell and Chaudhury 2014). Policy of price change- According to Price (2016), the Company maintains a strict policy regarding the pricing change in the stores. The company believed that the customers should enjoy their products that are available to them at the lowest prices and were the last company to increase the price of their products. The change in the price was notified to the customers by placing an informative note regarding the changes on the cartons that were present in the stores. Long-term approach As the organization is owned privately, it has the capacity to make decisions regarding business, which would have a negative impact on a short-term basis but would prove to be beneficial in the end. Aldi developed good relationships and long term partnerships with the suppliers so that if any new supplier in the market offers a cheaper price than the market rate to Aldi, then also the company would give a chance to the existing suppliers to compete with the new ones over the price range. This served as a positive point for the existing suppliers because they knew that the company would not stop taking products from them suddenly (Lehner and Halliday 2014). Marketing strategy of Aldi recently The main motive of the company is to grow within the Australian groceries market. The researchers identified that around 80 percent of the customers shopped at the supermarkets. The strategy that was adopted by Aldi was to focus on customer loyalty. The company also saw that the customers were aware of the Aldi brands that were of equal quality as the super brands like Fairy Liquid and Heinz. To succeed in this, the company made their own line of products and asked customers to taste it where they found that the customers were not able to tell the differences between the two brands. This gave a chance for Aldi to advertise their quality in an effective manner (Foster et al. 2014). The marketing mix The company focused on giving high quality products to their customers at a very cheap price, which the customers saw as an alternative. The marketing mix that was taken up by Aldi was (Refer to Appendix): Product- The company provided their Like Brands which were of very good quality and could compete with the better brands that were available in the other supermarkets such as Coles and Woolworths (Armstrong et al. 2014). Price- The main motto of the company was to give the customers the products at a lower rate than all the other markets would give. This gave an advantage to the company over the pricing factor of the products (Drzazga 2014). Place- The success of the company was very well and the company expanded its chain to global scales so that it can broaden the base of the customers (Armstrong et al. 2014). Promotions- the Company promoted their brand in a combination of above the line and below the line type of promotional methods and focused on the Like Brands and the Swap and Save campaigns (Drzazga 2014). Above-the-line promotion This type of promotional activity taken up by the company illustrated the perfect balance in the marketing mix. To increase the loyalty amongst its customers the company made them aware of the products, which helped in recognizing the brand. The demand for the products increased due to the superior quality of the products and the services that were available to the customers (Schmutzier 2015). (Refer to Appendix) Below-the-line promotion The company took up this promotional activity so that the company can make use of the social media platform that is available to them. This allowed the company to communicate freely with the customers which included the use of the social media to make the customers aware of the products, the e-mails of the customers so that when a new product launches they get to know it and even if the company offers discount on the products (Mullin 2014). (Refer to Appendix) The AIDA concept adopted by Aldi The AIDA model that was adopted by the company helped them to illustrate their promotional activities. This helped the company to create awareness of the products amongst the consumers, generating the interest of the customers by offering them products at a cheaper price than the other stores. The desire to purchase the product can then be generated amongst the consumers by the company, which will eventually lead them in taking an action of purchasing the product and trying it (Brandes and Brandes 2015). Conclusion The grocery industry is one of the most established and globally competitive industries, with the space of the changing markets that is happening in the recent times. It is very difficult for Aldi as the competitors are working their way up to increase their share in the market and exploiting the resources available at that place. In this competitive level, it is difficult for companies like Aldi to give huge discounts as the other supermarkets are also following that path. It all comes down to the quality of products that is available in the Aldi stores, where the company never compromises on their product quality. The marketing strategy adopted by the company since its inception has been very simple that is to give the customers quality products at the best price that is available in the market so that there is no alternatives offered by other companies on the factor relating to price. The promotional strategies taken up by the company also proves that the focus of the company is o nly related to price as they have a limited number of products that sells best in the market. Reference List Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Brandes, D. and Brandes, N., 2015.Bare Essentials: The Aldi Success Story. Linde Verlag GmbH. Corporate.aldi.com.au. (2017). ALDI History - ALDI Australia. [online] Available at: https://corporate.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/aldi-history/ [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017]. Drzazga, M., 2014. New Media in Marketing Communication in Multichannel Retailing.Studia Ekonomiczne, (205), pp.23-33. Foster, G.D., Karpyn, A., Wojtanowski, A.C., Davis, E., Weiss, S., Brensinger, C., Tierney, A., Guo, W., Brown, J., Spross, C. and Leuchten, D., 2014. Placement and promotion strategies to increase sales of healthier products in supermarkets in low-income, ethnically diverse neighborhoods: a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition,99(6), pp.1359-1368. Lehner, M. and Halliday, S.V., 2014. Branding sustainability: Opportunity and risk behind a brand-based approach to sustainable markets.Ephemera,14(1), p.13. Mitchell, V. and Chaudhury, A., 2014. Predicting retail brand extension strategy success: A consumer based model.Journal of Customer Behaviour,13(2), pp.93-111. Mullin, R., 2014.Promotional Marketing: How to Create, Implement Integrate Campaigns that Really Work. Kogan Page Publishers. Ododo, C., Mulholland, G. and Turner, J., 2015, November. Can Discount Pricing Be A Comeptitive Brand Strategy? An Evaluation of Aldi. InInternational Conference on Marketing and Business Development(Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 241-251). Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing House. Price, R., 2016. Controlling routine front line service workers: an Australian retail supermarket case.Work, employment and society,30(6), pp.915-931. Schmutzler, A.R., 2015.FMCG Marketing and Sales: Organizing Trade Marketing, Category Management, and Shopper Marketing(Doctoral dissertation, WHUOtto Beisheim School of Management).